Various Genetic Disorders Essay -- Papers

Various Genetic Disorders Alterations in human chromosomes or the deletion of an important gene product are often due to a mutation, which can spring an abundant strand of genetic mutations and improper coding. Mutations can spring from deletion, duplication or inversion of a chromosome. This improper deletion is the factor that leads to complications and ultimately genetic disorders. Turner Syndrome and Cat-cry Syndrome are both alterations of chromosome structure due to deletion. In Turner Syndrome, there is a missing X chromosome and in the Cat-cry Syndrome chromosome-18 has been lost or deleted. Other genetic disorders that give rise to discussion are point mutations which include Sickle cell anemia, Maternal PKU and the genetic disorder of The D1 Trisomy syndrome. Turner Syndrome was described first by Turner in 1938 (Jack H. Hung 1989 p.45) and it was established that this disorder was due to the deletion of an X chromosome in 1959 by Ford, Jones, Polani, de Ameida and Briggs. The most predominant traits of those who have this disorder consist of being short, having neck webbing with a low hairline and having a widely spaced chest. Turner Syndrome disease is not a fatal disease as long as there is management of possible heart problems and ovarian dysfunction. Early support and counseling are the key in dealing with psychological problems that may arise such as infertility and potential hearing loss. Cat-cry Syndrome is another deletion disorder in which inhibitor survives quite well. Lejeune recognized this disorder in 1964 and he gave it the official nam... ...d off the face of the planet, but can be somewhat predicted with the help of family trees and common knowledge of ancestors. Bibliography Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D. 1988. Smiths Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation pp.520-521 W. B. Saunders Company. G.H. Valentine, M B. 1969. The Chromosome Disorders pp. 113-115 pp. 103-106 Printed in Great Britain by The Whitefriars Press Ltd. London and Tonbridge. Jack H. Jung, M.D. 1989. Genetic syndromes in Communication Disorders pp. 45 PRO-ED Printed in the United States of America. Neil A Campbell, Lawrence G. Mitchell, Jane B. Reece. 1997. Biology concepts and connections. In The Human Genome pp. 238-239 The Benjamin/cummings Publishing Company. Arthur Metcalf. Sickle Cell Diesase. Accessed 4/20/99 through Dogpile. http://www.wcu.edu/library/online/index.htm)

Parapsychology: The Non-Existence of Ghosts

Ghosts are a paranormal phenomenon that has been given a lot of credibility to which it may not be entitled. People are willing to believe the existence of ghosts based mostly on the readings of electronic equipment, the explanations of the equipment operators regarding those readings and the account of eyewitnesses. The real explanations may be much more scientific and much less fanciful. There are a few â€Å"signs† that a ghost is present, according to the believers. These are:†¢ Unusual cold spots†¢ Unusual drafty or windy areas†¢ Unusual smells†¢ Strange sounds (voices, footsteps, moaning, crying, banging, etc)†¢ Anywhere you feel a strange â€Å"being watched† sensation (Santore)These sound like flimsy evidence to convince someone that a ghost is present and yet the majority of believers will attribute any or all of these â€Å"signs† as proof that ghosts exist. Science takes a much different view of these â€Å"signs† and ca n offer more reasonable explanations for these occurrences. Most of the ghost sightings and paranormal experiences concerning ghosts can be scientifically analyzed and explained. There is no correlation between the lifestyles, IQs, or financial status of believers and non believers of ghosts.Religion may play a part in the willingness or not to accept ghosts as real. As with almost anything, if someone looks for it, it will usually be found. That is the way most ghosts are discovered, through the belief that they are present and can be witnessed if one perseveres. This is proven by most of the â€Å"Ghost Walks† and tours of haunted establishments around the world. People who attend these walks and visit these establishments do so with the preconceived idea that they will see a ghost or some phenomenon that represents a ghostly presence.This state of mind sets them up to see what they wish to see and few will try to explain away the ghost sighting with science and investigati on. Among the most common phenomena found at ghost research sites are apparently floating, circular or diamond-shaped objects called â€Å"orbs,† which have been captured in many photographs. Video cameras have shown their images floating across the screen, while digital and 35- millimeter cameras have photographed orbs larger than basketballs or as small as a postcard. (Krivyanski 140) These orbs are one of the more frequently produced â€Å"evidence† of the existence of a ghost.Most people using a digital camera have seen these floating spheres in many of their pictures. Believers claim these orbs are the photographic evidence of a spirit presence. Joe Nickell, Senior Research Fellow for CSICOP, says, â€Å"We do know that dust, fingers, camera straps, mist, and lint can reflect the camera's flash and produce ghostly effects. Dust particles are a major source of orbs. We do not know that ghosts are the explanation of any orbs. † In fact, Nickell has intentiona lly produced orbs in experiments. (Peterson) Another photo anomaly is the ectoplasm.This is similar to the orb but is more of a stream of smoke than a sphere shape. Ghost hunters have seized on ectoplasm as a pseudo explanation for various strand and mist effects in photos. Such effects can be caused by the flash rebounding from the camera’s wrist strap, jewelry, hair, insects, a wandering fingertip, etc. , etc. (Nickell 1996). Photographs of ghosts continue to fascinate those who are looking for proof of a ghost’s existence. Over the years there have been thousands of ghost photographs but none have been proven without a doubt to be of a spiritual presence.Photography recreated reality so exactly that it became the medium of choice for the rendition of the ultimate non-reality: the â€Å"spirit†. â€Å"Spirit photos† became spectacularly popular by the 1880s and remain colorful reminders of quaint Victorian sensibility. They were ultimately embarrassing; both for the purchasers and the providers, once word got out that the â€Å"spirits† they showed were merely the by-products of deliberate double exposure. (Packer 30) Photographer William L. Mumler caused a sensation in the late 1800 when he produced photographs of ghosts for exhibition.When his â€Å"ghosts† were found alive and working in Boston, he admitted to fraud and explained that he had found a crude method of double exposure while working in his photographs and used it to create the photos. (Nickell 146-159) With the advances in photography and digital enhancements, it has become easier to manipulate photographs and mislead people looking for proof of ghosts. Most times, a good researcher can discover the methods used to fake the â€Å"spirits† in the photos and prove the image to be a fake.While admittedly, there are some photos that cannot be explained by modern research methods, this does not indicate proof of a ghost’s existence. It simply means that the method used to create the image has not been positively identified. There have been many proven frauds in the cases of ghost evidence and sightings. Some fakes are misunderstandings of the situation or cause, as in the following case: Vic Tandy of Coventry University in Scotland. His experience suggests that it may be possible to attribute many of the classic signs of ghosts to very low frequency sound waves trapped inside buildings.Although these sound waves cannot be heard, tests have revealed that they can induce the perception of wraithlike â€Å"ghosts† and even a feeling of cold and terror. Tandy was working alone one night in a laboratory. He began sweating despite feeling cold and then noticed a figure in the room. He was terrified. The following morning a fencing enthusiast who had left a foil clamped in a vise returned to the lab and noticed the blade's free end frantically moving up and down. Tandy, who is a trained engineer, realized that it might b e getting energy from low-frequency, inaudible sound waves filling the laboratory.Indeed, tests revealed a standing wave trapped in the lab and reaching a peak intensity next to his desk. Further site inspection led to the source of the standing wave: a new extraction fan. When the fan's mountings were altered, the suspected ghost left. (Krivyanski 140) One case in particular proves the power of imagination and suggestion in regards to those who are searching for proof that ghosts do exist. Arthur Machen, a journalist and author of paranormal fiction wrote a fictional account of the British Army's retreat from the occupying German forces from Mons, France in 1914.Machen reported in a â€Å"fanciful† tale that phantom archers and soldiers from a medieval battle between the English and French from many centuries before. The ghosts, according to Machen, supplied a â€Å"rear guard† that allowed the English withdrawal and even caused some casualties within the Germans. Pro blem was the fiction quickly became â€Å"fact† as reports came in from the soldiers on the field about the â€Å"angels† assisting their efforts. Even when Machen decried the whole story as a work of fiction, people kept sending him reports of the Angels.Even after the war, a German officer claimed a horse â€Å"rear up† and tossed him off after being startled by the ghostly soldiers. (Didier, 2007) There is a saying that goes â€Å"People see and hear exactly what they wish to see and hear. † Nowhere is this more evident than the field of paranormal research. Millions of people have been taken in by false mediums, crooked illusionists and urban legends. These stories or sightings have a snowball effect on the public, one person sees or hears something that they swear is a ghost or spirit and others pick it up and continue the story.These people are unaware that they are the victims of wishful thinking or propaganda. Personal validation is, for all pract ical purposes, the major reason for the persistence of divinatory and assessment procedures. If the person is not persuaded, then the story will not survive. The widespread acceptance of myths about Bigfoot, the Bermuda Triangle, ancient astronauts, ghosts, the validity of meditation and consciousness-raising schemes, and a host of other beliefs is based on persuasion through personal validation rather than scientific conviction. (Frazier 81)Ghost stories or stories of encounters with ghosts have been produced as evidence of existence for many years. Many of these stories or encounters are actually quite old and have been retold in various versions many times. Urban legends are made from many of these stories, such as the ghost bridge, the college suicide and the missing party girl. Almost every state has a version of these stories but no one has produced concrete evidence that these tragedies ever actually occurred as told. While there are tragedies in all areas, none have been pro ven to produce the ghosts said to haunt the halls, bridges and roads of these stories.Gillian Bennett states â€Å"There are several problems with using these stories as a basis for overall conclusions about ghosts. First, most of these stories are highly traditionalized; excellent material for discussing ghost traditions, but for that reason less reliable as evidence of the nature of ghost experience. Evans says at the outset that what he proposes to do â€Å"is to see what we can learn about ghosts by looking at people's experiences of ghosts. † This is fine so long as one can be certain that the experience they had was exactly the same as the one they reported.I doubt the match is usually this exact. Telling stories is a social activity and there are all sorts of reasons for doing it and for doing it in one way rather than another. A story about a strange experience will only be told if it fits expectations; if it does not but the narrator insists on telling it anyway, th e hearers will ask questions and suggest details and generally try to get it into better shape as a ghost story. This might be the form in which it eventually gets into print. † (Bennett) There are many theories regarding what we see as ghosts and what they actually may be.Some researchers have done studies on whether the intellect of the person has an effect on their belief or disbelief of ghosts. This type of study has too many variables to be conclusive and many of the people had preconceived opinions before the study began. There is evidence that gender may be a factor in whether one believes in ghosts or not. Many researchers have found the endorsement of paranormal beliefs to be stronger among females than males for both global belief and for most of the specific dimensions of paranormal belief (Irwin, 1993). (Smith, Foster, and Stovin) One of the more interesting theories involves geomagnetic fields.Michael Persinger, Ph. D. , a professor of psychology at Laurentian Uni versity in Ontario, Canada, has demonstrated that a sensitive temporal lobe–the area that is responsible for regulation of emotions and motivated behaviors–together with naturally occurring magnetic fields, can trigger a ghostly encounter. â€Å"Individuals prone to paranormal experiences are sensitive to weak electromagnetic fields and to man-made electrical fields, which are becoming more prominent in the communication age,† explains Persinger, who has studied the link between magnetic fields and paranormal experience for 15 years.(Lockman 27) For every ghost hunter out there, there is a researcher with a plausible explanation for the phenomenon. If more people stop to view the evidence that science has to offer, they would be in a position to make an educated decision. While this may not prove concretely that ghosts do not exist, it offers a more reasonable explanation for those incidents that become urban legend or ghost stories. While it is sad to think of the trauma of a college suicide, it is improbable to think that the spirit of that person has nothing better to do than hang around the college dorm where they met their demise.Paranormal research is a very wide field and new areas are opening up every day. Like wise, the opportunity to research and investigate is an open area. With more advances in science, we are closer than ever to proving that ghosts do not exist. The evidence presented here is a small fraction of the hoaxes, frauds and misconceptions regarding the existence of ghosts. To be fair, the majority of ghost hunters investigating an occurrence will try to determine if there is a reasonable or mundane explanation for the sights or sounds.Many times they will find that the â€Å"ghost† is nothing more than loose floorboards or an overactive imagination. The cases that do not produce a common cause do not prove the existence of a ghost; they merely prove that more research is needed. Ghosts do not exist and scienc e backs this up with more evidence every day. The mediums and hauntings are having to become more elaborate in order to maintain their illusions. In time, science will prove, with a doubt, that ghosts do not co-inhabit our houses, schools and roadsides.

20 Brilliant Winston Churchill Quotations

Listed below are twenty Winston Churchill quotations that we found amusing and insightful. After you get over the initial abruptness of these quotations, you will begin to see a deep underlying meaning. Strength Today we may say aloud before an awe-struck world: We are still masters of our fate. We are still captain of our souls. Never give in—never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees all others. There is nothing more exhilarating than to be shot at without result. Truth There are a lot of lies going around... and half of them are true. In wartime, truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies. A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a chance to get its pants on. Truth is incontrovertible, ignorance can deride it, panic may resent it, malice may destroy it, but there it is. Humor I like pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals. Golf is a game whose aim is to hit a very small ball into an even smaller hole, with weapons singularly ill-designed for the purpose. This report, by its very length, defends itself against the risk of being read. We contend that for a nation to try to tax itself into prosperity is like a man standing in a bucket and trying to lift himself up by the handle. The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter. We are all worms. But I believe that I am a glow-worm. Leadership However beautiful the strategy, you should occasionally look at the results. When I am abroad I always make it a rule never to criticize or attack the Government of my country. I make up for lost time when I am at home. The price of greatness is responsibility. If you go on with this nuclear arms race, all you are going to do is make the rubble bounce. Those who can win a war well can rarely make a good peace and those who could make a good peace would never have won the war.

The Rules of Using Positive and Negative Integers

Whole numbers, which are figures that do not have fractions or decimals, are also called integers. They can have one of two values: positive or negative. Positive integers  have values greater than zero.Negative integers have values less than zero.  Zero is neither positive nor negative. The rules of how to work with positive and negative numbers are important because youll encounter them in daily life, such as in balancing a bank account, calculating weight, or preparing recipes. Tips for Success Like any subject, succeeding in mathematics takes practice and patience. Some people find numbers easier to work with than others do. Here are a few tips for working with positive and negative integers:Context can help you make sense of unfamiliar concepts.  Try and think of a practical application like keeping score when youre practicing.Using a number line showing both sides of zero is very helpful to help develop the understanding of working with positive and negative numbers/integers.Its easier to keep track of the negative numbers if you enclose them in brackets. Addition Whether youre adding positives or negatives, this is the simplest calculation you can do with integers. In both cases, youre simply calculating the sum of the numbers. For example, if youre adding two positive integers, it looks like this: 5 4 9 If youre calculating the sum of two negative integers, it looks like this: (–7) (–2) -9 To get the sum of a negative and a positive number, use the sign of the larger number and subtract. For example: (–7) 4 –36 (–9) –3(–3) 7 45 (–3) 2 The sign will be that of the larger number. Remember that adding a negative number is the same as subtracting a positive one. Subtraction The rules for subtraction are similar to those for addition. If youve got two positive integers, you subtract the smaller number from the larger one. The result will always be a positive integer: 5  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 3 2 Likewise, if you were to subtract a positive integer from a negative one, the calculation becomes a matter of addition (with the addition of a negative value): (–5)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 3 –5 (–3) –8 If youre  subtracting negatives from positives, the two negatives cancel out and it becomes addition: 5  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (–3) 5 3 8 If youre subtracting a negative from another negative integer, use the sign of the larger number and subtract: (–5)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (–3) (–5) 3 –2(–3) – (–5) (–3) 5 2 If you get confused, it often helps to write a positive number in an equation first and then the negative number. This can make it easier to see whether a sign change occurs. Multiplication Multiplying integers is fairly simple if you remember the following rule: If both integers are either positive or negative, the total will always be a positive number. For example: 3 x 2 6(–2) x (–8) 16 However, if you are multiplying a positive integer and a negative one, the result will always be a negative number: (–3) x 4 –123 x (–4) –12 If youre multiplying a larger series of positive and negative numbers, you can add up how many are positive and how many are negative. The final sign will be the one in excess.   Division As with multiplication, the rules for dividing integers follow the same positive/negative guide. Dividing two negatives or two positives yields a positive number: 12 / 3 4(–12) / (–3) 4 Dividing one negative integer and one positive integer results in a negative figure: (–12) / 3 –412 / (–3) –4

Personal Narrative Singing A Song About Death - 1448 Words

I hollered one of my favorite songs out of my favorite window on the 32nd street. Secretly hoping someone would hear. But, also fearing someone would question it and cringe. Wait what am I talking about I am ‘cringe’, I m nothing. Oh god, I m not allowed to say that. I may get in trouble. Why did I say that? My parents are very strict. Or shall I say parent? My dad passed when I was 7 just turning 8. Oh well, enough with the sob story. I was saying†¦ oh yeah! I started singing out of my window. One of my favorite things to do. No, I don t just go to a random window and start singing ‘Mary had a little lamb’ at the top of my lungs. I sing meaningful songs, hoping to help someone whose going through the same thing I am. Today I was singing†¦show more content†¦I hate society these days.† If you don t know what D.I.D is, it basically means you have like 4 of you, living in one little body. It can cause death if you don t get a treatment and it overrules you. But I don t care if that happens ‘ Stop thinking about death you idiot! Just sing or else I ll say something you ll regret!’ ‘ No please don t I don t want mom to hea-‘ â€Å" Elizabeth! Who are you talking to!† Mother bellowed from the cramped kitchen bellow me. â€Å" N-no one mother.† â€Å" I swear if you re talking to yourself I will kick you out of this house IMMEDIATELY! Do you understand me Elizabeth!† â€Å"Yes mother.† I croaked under my breath. â€Å"What was that!† She spat back, not hearing me the first time. â€Å" I said yes just shut up already! Go bother your dead husband!† I snapped, instantly covering my mouth at what I just said. ‘ Oh no I didn t mean to say that!’ ‘ I told you to shut your mouth you piece of nothing!’ â€Å" Alright You little brat you better say that to my face or else you ll be living on the street like the piece of trash that you are! You know what! I don t want hear a word from that disgusting mouth anymore. You better shape up or ship out because if you don t you ll see my bad side!† â€Å" Hahaha! Aren t I already seeing your bad side.† I giggled. ‘Nononononononoooo! Why did I say that! I hate myself! â€Å"Thats it! I m coming upstairs! Pack your stuff. You re leaving MY house.†Show MoreRelatedStruggles of the Dalit Movement in Anand Patwardhan’s Documentary â€Å"Jai Bhim Comrade†1057 Words   |  4 Pagesmoved by the incident to such an extent that he committed suicide. Anand Patwardhan’s documentary â€Å"Jai Bhim Comrade† is about Dalit movement and struggle for recognition of their identity and acceptance of their existence within socio-politico-economic milieu. 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How Cavemen Lived Free Essays

How cavemen lived By: Ausha Champ Here are a few of the reasons cavemen wrote on the walls of there caves. One is how to kill or catch certain pray. So they could have the meat for pray and hide for quilt. We will write a custom essay sample on How Cavemen Lived or any similar topic only for you Order Now The way to tell how many people in there crew died. They would trace there hand and color it in brown or black and trace the other hand in white. The color represents the living and the white represents the dead. Hares a good question, Why do cavemen draw animals on the wall of their caves? Hares the answer, they were inspired by the animals and the drew pictures to tell stories about them. Did you know that a fool hand meant positiveness? And a hand with the thumb, pinkie, and ring finger meant negativeness. The way you can find this out is go to google and type in the stone age. I have been wondering this whole time what did cavemen do if they broke a bone. What they did is they would pop it back into place and rape hide around it. Then they would not walk anywhere if it was a leg, and would not move their arm, if it was the arm that was broken. Did you know that cavemen had a lot more sicknesses then use? So if they got sick they wanted to stay away from others, so they didn’t get any one else sick. And yes it was that serious, and no I am not going crazy. Do you think cavemen were anymore health then use today, because of their diets? Actually we are more health, because our food it actually processed. You see cavemen didn’t have any processed food, unlike we do today . They did not have the technology to have processed food. Did cavemen have shoes? Well I don’t know for sure, but im pretty sure they would be smart enough to protect their feet, cavemen weren’t dumb. So that is what I found on cavemen, but I will fine out more in my social study book. How to cite How Cavemen Lived, Essay examples

Underneath It All free essay sample

Optimism, taking risks, thinking outside the box, going above and beyond, these are characteristics that mold the successful. On a global or national scale the Oak Island Money Pit outside of Nova Scotia may not be a priority to governments, but it concerns me nobody has investigated it further. In 1795 three teenagers from Nova Scotia began to dig on the island, every ten feet they found a wooden plank, after thirty feet the excavation was abandoned. Later at ninety feet a stone with writing was discovered which translated to â€Å"forty feet below, two million pounds lie buried.† After digging further, the hole would fill up with water and nobody knows why. Diggers tried from different directions to reach the so-called treasure of Captain Kidd, but never succeeded. Cranes, and all types of machines have been introduced, but nothing was discovered. When FDR was in presidency he was part of the Old Gold Salvage Group and he funded it. We will write a custom essay sample on Underneath It All or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why aren’t we funding this? Doesnt anybody want to know what is down there? Who cares if there is nothing, just some resolution would sit nice. Maybe the idea of a pirates buried treasure is too good to be true, but why not take the risk. The worst that could happen, well assume the latter. Nonetheless the riches acquired if there happens to be a treasure would be astounding, this concerns me that nobody will take the risk. You don’t need to have endless amounts of cash to fund an excavation, simply assemble a team of Goonies. Something has to be done, someone must step up and explore the possibilities, think outside the box. Maybe the concern of the money pit may be low and other situations take priority, but look at the idea and tell me if the hole is half empty or half full. If a nation funds the project and discovers riches, it would be free money and global popularity. Why doesnt somebody think outside the box and find a way to dig past the water, who knows what could be down there. Why should something as far-fetched as the money pit concern me? I like answers, resolution, if I don’t know something I have to figure it out, and if I can’t I will reach in with a death grip and pull until it surfaces. The money pit is a risk, I enjoy taking risks, if you don’t take risks, you won’t get anywhere. In order to succeed you have to think outside the box, this is also a risk. Go out on a limb, and stay there until you succeed, this is my philosophy. This is why the Oak Island money pit concerns me, nobody will take the risk. So Stetson University grab your shovel, because we’re going digging.