Analysis Of M. Butterfly By David Henry Hwang Essay

M. Butterfly, by David Henry Hwang, focuses and explores on this central theme of sexism towards women in most cultures. Sexism refers to the prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping of an individual on the basis of their sex. Throughout M. Butterfly, sexism is illustrated through the actions of the protagonist, Rene Gallimard. Aside from this, sexism is also illustrated in most of the conversations that the characters in the play exchange. David Henry Hwang explores the different stereotypes and discriminations against women and how these stereotypes and discriminations not only affect Oriental women but women of the West as well. The plot of the story surrounds this man, Rene Gallimard, who is a French diplomat being sent to China. Although a married man, he begins to fall in love with Song Liling, an opera singer. Gallimard and Liling begin a secret relationship but at the end it is uncovered that Song Liling was actually a Chinese spy and not other than a man. The theme of the play begins to unravel here when it comes to the reader’s notice that the focus of this play is based on this fantasy stereotype which Gallimard holds for Song, even when finding out she is in reality a man. Throughout M. Butterfly, Gallimard manner of speaking towards Song demonstrates this idea of this fantasy stereotype. This term of â€Å"fantasy stereotype† refers to this concept that men hold of women and how the â€Å"perfect woman† should act and be. Fantasy stereotype is part of the sexismShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of M. Butterfly By David Henry Hwang1772 Words   |  8 Pagesalong Western and Eastern lines, and we expect the nation-states to act accordingly. David Henry Hwang, author of M. Butterfly, describes the scenario through one of his characters, Song Liling, as â€Å"The West thinks of itself as masculine – big guns, big industry, big money – so the East is feminine – weak, delicate, poor†¦but good at art, and full of inscrutable wisdom – the feminine mystique† (Hwang 1988). Hwang lays out this relationship between the East and West as a relationship between man andRead More Feminism in M. Butterfly Essay2722 Words   |  11 PagesFeminism in M. Butterfly In the 1989 drama M. Butterfly, the masterwork of contemporary American playwright David Henry Hwang, the topic of sexual politics underlies all other themes, and creates a tension between the genders that pervades throughout the text; moreover, Hwang subverts traditional thematic aspects of sexual politics by questioning the most fundamental unit of sex by considering the very nature of gender and what defines a male or a female. These elements unite and develop a

Substances Include Those Like Stressful Life Events Such

substances include those like stressful life events such as illness, divorce, conflict in relationships, poor social supports from peers and parents, lack of quality relationships, frequent conflicts and arguments in relationships, and supportive relationships with parents (Rogers, 2016). Suicide Suicide among adolescents, has been an increasing problem over the past several decades. Suicide is now the third leading cause of death for young people ages 15 to 24, accounting for 20% of all suicidal deaths. Looking through a biopsychosocial lens, there are factors that we can see that contribute to the thoughts and attempts of suicide, these factors include stressful life events, such as academic problems, unintended pregnancy,†¦show more content†¦During adolescence, these factors are powerfully influenced by increases in the eating of fast food and high fat snacks, that are often combined with increases in sedentary behavior and/or low levels of physical activity (Koehn, Gillison, Standage, Bailey, 2016). Many adolescents do not identify any convincing reason to protect their health through diet and exercise, hypothetically as threats to health seem too far in the future to make health related activities a priority (Koehn, Gillison, Standage, Bailey, 2016). Adole scents are satisfied to allow their physical activity and dietary choices be dictated by ease or priorities such as asserting their individuality and fitting in with their friends (Koehn, Gillison, Standage, Bailey, 2016). Crime and Violence In the life transition stage of adolescent males, we see an increase in deviance, crime, and violent behavior (Rogers, 2016). Looking through the biopsychosocial lens, there are factors that have been found to help predict violence and delinquency in adolescence. On the micro level, these include being male, substance use, low-wages, occasional achievement, low impulse control, feelings of powerlessness, childhood aggression, hyperactivity, and withdraw (Rogers, 2016). On the mezo level, we would look for family conflict, lack of family support, and discipline and negative peer pressure, like the negative influences of gangs for example (Rogers, 2016). On the macro level, we would look at poverty, livingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Depression And Its Effects On Society1266 Words   |  6 Pagesbacked up and proven by scientists and researchers to come from a person’s personal events, can be caused by a person’s biology, or even the abuse of substances is proven to have an impact on the cause of depression as well. The events in a person’s life can have increase ones risk of clinical depression. These events can have an immediate effect on a person or it can develop later in life. Going through traumatic events may change ones mental health causing them to become depressed. This is an exampleRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Depressive Disorder1591 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a depressive disorder? â€Å" A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts. It interferes with daily life, normal functioning, and causes pain for both the person with the disorder and those who care about him or her.† (Psychology Today) The term depression in psychology is more than just sadness. â€Å"People with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack ofRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pages(PTSD) and other mental illnesses mi litary members are diagnosed with are closely studied to gain better knowledge on how these diagnoses develop and how these diagnoses can be treated through counseling services and medication (Owens et al. 2014). Substance use is increasing amongst military members and many studies have conducted research on this topic. Military families endure different stressors than a typical family encounters. For example: deployments and separation from their families, constantlyRead MoreStress : Causes, Effects, And Treatments1429 Words   |  6 PagesStress: Causes, Effects, and Treatments INTRODUCTION Stress is a major component of people’s lives at some point or another. Stress is a state of mental and/or emotional tension as a result of demanding circumstances and events. Stress has an impact on humans physically and psychologically. There are different types of stress including: acute, episodic acute, and chronic. Acute is the most common form of stress and it only has temporary effects, episodic is a more frequent form of acute stressRead MoreMental Disorders : A Psychological Disorder1178 Words   |  5 PagesA psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. These symptoms are characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual s cognitive, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated withRead MoreUnderstanding General Anxiety Disorder And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1616 Words   |  7 Pages As many as 4% of the US population have symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in any given year, and ~6% at some time during their lives (Comer 2004.) This disorder is a personality disorder that literally takes over someone’s life. It interferes with social, occupational, and other areas of important daily functioning. In order to meet the criteria for being diagnosed with GAD, a person must have had continuous anxiety and worry that lasts for at least 6 months. It is very difficultRead MoreStress For College Students1463 Words   |  6 Pagesstressing me to the max.† This is a quote that quite a few college students are familiar with and have probably said themselves. College can be a fun but also stressful time for students. They are focused on making sure they attend class and get passing grades so they can be successful and hopefully succeed in the next chapter of their life. Researchers at Columbia University and the University of San Diego conducted a s tudy conducted a study to determine how stress negatively affects academic performanceRead MoreSubstance Abuse : A Public Health Problem Among American Children And Adolescents1561 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance use and abuse is a definitely a public health problem among American children and adolescents. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, substance abuse is the excessive use of a drug or the use of a drug without medical justification. There are various different substances that adolescents are abusing. Alcohol is the most abused in adolescence with four in ten high school seniors consuming some type of alcoholic beverage in the past month and more than one in five engaging in bingeRead MoreThe Importance Of Building A Rapport And Earning Trust Is Essential For Retaining The African American Population1192 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican-American women that have substance abuse issues are related to severe problems that may stem from childhood. â€Å"African-American wom en are more likely to use the most severely addictive drugs and incur the highest rate of drug-use related emergencies and alcohol-use-mortalities† (Davis Ancis, 2012, p.662). Some research concluded that African-American women use substances as a response to stressful life events that may have been grounded in their adolescence. Substance abuse maybe linked to socialRead MoreDealing with Stress and Burnout in the Workplace Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesDealing with Stress and Burnout in the Workplace Any work environment can have stressful aspects that can negatively affect the employees’ performance and may lead to burnout. Oftentimes when employees are stressed or burnout their commitment at the job may begin to weaken and they may lose satisfaction. Many organizations have recognized that workers burnout is the result of aggravated chronic work stressors and embodied by enervation and inefficacy. This author will discuss the impact of stress

An Effective Image File Storage Technique Using Data De...

ABSTRACT Recent years have seen a rapid growth in the number of virtual machines and virtual machine images that are managed to support infrastructure as a service (IaaS). For example, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) has 6,521 public virtual machine images. This creates several challenges in management of image files in a cloud computing environment. In particular, a large amount of duplicate data that exists in image files consumes significant storage space. To address this problem, we propose an effective image file storage technique using data de-duplication with a modified fixed-size block scheme. When a user requests to store an image file, this technique first calculates the fingerprint for the image file, and then compares the fingerprint with the fingerprints in a fingerprint library. If the fingerprint of the image is already in the library, a pointer to the existing fingerprint is used to store this image. Otherwise this image will be processed using the fixed-size block image segmentation method. The experiments show that this technique can significantly reduce the transmission time of image files that have already existed in storage. Also the deletion rate for image groups which have the same version of operating systems but different versions of software applications is up about 58%. Keywords: cloud computing, image files, data deduplication. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Cloud Computing enables universal, expedient network access to a sharedShow MoreRelatedInvestigation Of Nosql Database Management10206 Words   |  41 PagesNowadays, there are two major of database management systems which are used to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades since 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (NoSQL), they are dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL term was introduced for the first time in 1998 by Carlo Strozzi and EricRead MoreRelational Database Management System ( Rdbms )10516 Words   |  43 PagesNowadays, there are two major of database management systems which are use to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades since 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (NoSQL), they are dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL types are gaining their popularity with the development of the internetRead MoreAnalysis Of Nosql Database Management Depending On The Features And Differentiation Of Rdbms10140 Words   |  41 PagesNowadays, there are two major of database management systems which are used to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades since 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (NoSQL), they are dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL types are gaining their popularity with the development of the internetRead MoreAnalysis Of Nosql Database Management Depending On The Features And Diff erentiation Of Rdbms10140 Words   |  41 PagesNowadays, there are two major of database management systems which are used to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades since 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (NoSQL), they are dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL types are gaining their popularity with the development of the internetRead MoreInvestigation Of Mysql Database And Neo4j Database9876 Words   |  40 Pagesthere are two major of database management systems which are used to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades from 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (No SQL), they have been dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL term was introduced for the first time in 1998 by Carlo Strozzi andRead MoreInvestigation Mysql Database And Neo4j Database9884 Words   |  40 Pagesthere are two major of database management systems which are used to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades from 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (NoSQL), they have been dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL term was introduced for the first time in 1998 by Carlo Strozzi andRead MoreSales and Inventory System for Avon Imus11657 Words   |  47 Pagesthrough its significant number of independent sales representatives. 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You may download, store, display on your computer, view, print, and link to the Cloud Security Alliance GuidanceRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 PagesCHAPTER 1 ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1.1 The value of information is the difference between the benefits realized from using that information and the costs of producing it. Would you, or any organization, ever produce information if its expected costs exceeded its benefits? If so, provide some examples. If not, why not? Most organizations produce information only if its value exceeds its cost. 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A Short Note On The Energy Drink Industry - 996 Words

Energy drinks are part of the broader soft drink category, which includes carbonated beverages, fruit and vegetable juices, bottle water, sports drinks, beverages concentrates, ready-to-drink tea, and ready-to-drink coffee (Fontinelle). Because there are so many companies competing for the top spot for the best energy drink, it is hard for small and new companies to compete. There are challengers amongst competitors as far as distribution, obtaining shelf space, and offering something unique from the big three competitors: Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar. Some of the new and smaller companies can take on the opportunity of offering solely certified organic and Fair Trade ingredients, which is a big trend amongst a lot of people who prefer to consume products with naturally grown and processed ingredients (Fontinelle). Another trend amongst the energy drink industry is adding additional ingredients that are supposed to enhance athletic performance and recovery such as branched- ch ain amino acids and beetroot extract. Some threats towards the energy drink industry is the health hazards it poses on its consumers. One of the main ingredients in energy drinks is caffeine. Caffeine is a natural stimulant that constricts blood vessels in the brain. High doses can result in anxiety, dizziness, headaches and jitters (Health Hazards of Caffeine). Caffeine is diuretic, meaning that it can cause one to urinate more than they normally do. It can also have a great impact onShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On The Energy Drink Industry1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe energy drink industry is a fairly new market, with the top products being little under 30 years old. There are several strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the sector that are unique to this particular industry. Through a SWOT analysis, I will analyze this markets’ main components. The strengths of energy drinks are the specific branding, low rivalry, mainstream products, low pricing points, and powerful sponsorships. Each energy drink producer has a specific brand that they haveRead MoreRatio Analysis of Coca Cola Essay2013 Words   |  9 PagesSheet (2012) 9 Income Statement (2012) 10 Industry Average Ratios 11 Brief Introduction of the Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company is the world’s largest beverage company, which in 2012 owns or licenses and markets more than 500 nonalcoholic beverage brands, primarily sparkling beverages but also a variety of still beverages such as waters, enhanced waters, juices and juice drinks, ready-to-drink teas and coffees, and energy and sports drinks. The Coca-Cola Company owns and markets fourRead MoreFrog Leap Case1331 Words   |  6 Pagesmany as 62000 cases of different variety of red wines. According to John Williams, he have developed the industry most sophisticated Environmental management system. The companies have employed some sustainable initiative, which have benefited them. Furthermore they want to become more ecofriendly and turn their sustainable investment into profit. The issues faced by the companies are raising energy cost, water scarcity, chemical exposure and climate change. Also they owe $22 million to bank. AdditionallyRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Coca Cola Company2034 W ords   |  9 PagesIntroduction Consumers are able to choose from a large variety of soft drinks despite the fact there is a limited number of manufactures. When you consider the industry at a glance it is a very competitive market for the four United State manufactures, and the largest private label manufacture in the world (Chrystalleni Stivaros, 2016). Looking specifically at the Coca-Cola Company it will become clear how their strengths and them capitalizing on various opportunities, makes them the number oneRead MoreSample Resume : National Diploma Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pages National Diploma in Business L5 ASSESSMENT TASKS Unit 1994 Version 6 Title Manage the development of small business ventures L 6 C 5 NOTE: USE SEPARATE SHEETS FOR YOUR ANSWERS. THE ANSWER SHEETS SHOULD INCLUDE THE CASES AND QUESTIONS AND MUST BE SUBMITTED IN SOFT COPY TO FACILITATE ANTI-PLAGIARISM CHECKING. Task 1.1 1.1 The current high rate of inflation has caused an increase in the cost of consumable items that cannot be immersed and still maintain anRead More5 Hour Energy Shot Business Proposal for the United Kingdom Expansion10942 Words   |  44 Pages5 hour ENERGY Shot Business Proposal for The United Kingdom Expansion November 17, 2012 Florida International University – MBA Class 2013 – Group 7 Table of Contents Executive Summary.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.2 Which Product and Why?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Target Consumer Market†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Labor Cost, Availability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Macroeconomic condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦12 Technology...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreChile : A Market Oriented Economy With A Reputation For Active Foreign Investment Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesby more than fifty percent, from the peak time of $4.5 per pound to the bottom of $2.05 per pound in 2015. Currently future contracts of copper maintain a stable price profile across delivery state until 2020, at the level of $2.1-2.3 per pound. In short-term, Chile’s GDP growth has been hampered by low copper prices and less active mining private investments. In 2014, Chile’s GDP is $258.1 billion with real growth rate of 1. 9%, much lower than previous year’s growth rate of 4.2% (The World Bank 2015)Read MoreTthe Improtance of Note Taking1183 Words   |  5 PagesNote taking Taking note is one of the best ways to prepare for exam. Reading different books, collecting information from other sources and merging all the notes together helps to gives a clear image and deeper understanding on specific topic. Using an outline format I try to get as much information as i can in a piece of paper and record the lecture at the same time as the tutor will not wait for the student to write notes down. Listening to the recorder again and again helps to reorganize my notesRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Pepsi1828 Words   |  8 Pagescombinations of syrups, juices, and spices to create a refreshing drink for customers called Pepsi. Today, Pepsi is the worlds leading multinational corporation in the food and beverage industry. The developers used a rare combination of vanilla and kola nut extract, and this mixture became popular amongst consumers. In the beginning the name of the drink was â€Å"Brad’s Drink†. Bradham then renamed it to Pepsi-Cola when he started to advertise the drink. Pepsi was officially patented in 1903, and sold throughRead MorePepsi Strategic Management Case Study Essay10439 Words   |  42 PagesSTRATEGY 11.17 Recommendations 11.18 Evaluation 11. OBJECTIVES 12.19 Short-term 12.20 Long-term 12. ADDITIONAL RESOURCE 13.21 Works Cited Executive Summary: PepsiCo, as the second leading brand in non-alcohol drink industry in US, its main long-term objective is to catch up with the industry leader Coca-Cola and finally exceeds Coca-Cola to become the industry leader itself. First, PepsiCo’s mission is aim to become the worlds premier consumer products

Integrated Circuit Design Free Essays

Integrated circuit design, or IC design, is a subset of electrical engineering and computer engineering, encompassing the particular logic and circuit design techniques required to design integrated circuits, or ICs. ICs consist of miniaturized electronic components built into an electrical network on a monolithic semiconductor substrate by photolithography. IC design can be divided into the broad categories of digital and analog IC design. We will write a custom essay sample on Integrated Circuit Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Digital IC design is to produce components such as microprocessors, FPGAs, memories (RAM, ROM, and flash) and digital ASICs. Digital design focuses on logical correctness, maximizing circuit density, and placing circuits so that clock and timing signals are routed efficiently. Analog IC design also has specializations in power IC design and RF IC design. Analog IC design is used in the design of op-amps, linear regulators, phase locked loops, oscillators and active filters. Analog design is more concerned with the physics of the semiconductor devices such as gain, matching, power dissipation, and resistance. Fidelity of analog signal amplification and filtering is usually critical and as a result, analog ICs use larger area active devices than digital designs and are usually less dense in circuitry. Modern ICs are enormously complicated. A large chip, as of 2009 has close to 1 billion transistors. The rules for what can and cannot be manufactured are also extremely complex. An IC process as of 2006 may well have more than 600 rules. Furthermore, since the manufacturing process itself is not completely predictable, designers must account for its statistical nature. The complexity of modern IC design, as well as market pressure to produce designs rapidly, has led to the extensive use of automated design tools in the IC design process. In short, the design of an IC using EDA software is the design, test, and verification of the instructions that the IC is to carry out FundamentalsIntegrated circuit design involves the creation of electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and the metallic interconnect of these components onto a piece of semiconductor, typically silicon. A method to isolate the individual components formed in the substrate is necessary since the substrate silicon is conductive and often forms an active region of the individual components. The two common methods are p-n junction isolation and dielectric isolation. Attention must be given to power dissipation of transistors and interconnect resistances and current density of the interconnect, contacts and vias since ICs contain very tiny devices compared to discrete components, where such concerns are less of an issue. Electromigration in metallic interconnect and ESD damage to the tiny components are also of concern. Finally, the physical layout of certain circuit subblocks is typically critical, in order to achieve the desired speed of operation, to segregate noisy portions of an IC from quiet portions, to balance the effects of heat generation across the IC, or to facilitate the placement of connections to circuitry outside the IC. Design stepsA typical IC design cycle involves several steps: 1. Feasibility study and die size estimate 2. Functional verification 3. Circuit/RTL design 4. Circuit/RTL simulation Logic simulation 5. Floorplanning 6. Design review 7. Layout 8. Layout verification 9. Static timing analysis 10. Layout review 11. Design For Test and Automatic test pattern generation 12. Design for manufacturability (IC) 13. Mask data preparation 14. Wafer fabrication 15. Die test 16. Packaging 17. Post silicon validation 18. Device characterization 19. Tweak (if necessary) 20. Datasheet generation Portable Document Format 21. Ramp up 22. Production 23. Yield Analysis / Warranty Analysis Reliability (semiconductor) 24. Failure analysis on any returns 25. Plan for next generation chip using production information if possible Digital designRoughly speaking, digital IC design can be divided into three parts ESL design: This step creates the user functional specification. The user may use a variety of languages and tools to create this description. Examples include a C/C++ model, SystemC, SystemVerilog Transaction Level Models, Simulink and MATLAB. RTL design: This step converts the user specification (what the user wants the chip to do) into a register transfer level (RTL) description. The RTL describes the exact behavior of the digital circuits on the chip, as well as the interconnections to inputs and outputs. Physical design: This step takes the RTL, and a library of available logic gates, and creates a chip design. This involves figuring out which gates to use, defining places for them, and wiring them together. Note that the second step, RTL design, is responsible for the chip doing the right thing. The third step, physical design, does not affect the functionality at all (if done correctly) but determines how fast the chip operates and how much it costs. RTL designThis is the hardest part, and the domain of functional verification. The spec may have some terse description, such as encodes in the MP3 format or implements IEEE floating-point arithmetic. Each of these innocent looking statements expands to hundreds of pages of text, and thousands of lines of computer code. It is extremely difficult to verify that the RTL will do the right thing in all the possible cases that the user may throw at it. Many techniques are used, none of them perfect but all of them useful – extensive logic simulation, formal methods, hardware emulation, lint-like code checking, and so on. A tiny error here can make the whole chip useless, or worse. The famous Pentium FDIV bug caused the results of a division to be wrong by at most 61 parts per million, in cases that occurred very infrequently. No one even noticed it until the chip had been in production for months. Yet Intel was forced to offer to replace, for free, every chip sold until they could fix the bug, at a cost of $475 million (US). Physical design It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Physical design (electronics). (Discuss) Here are the main steps of physical design. In practice there is not a straightforward progression – considerable iteration is required to ensure all objectives are met simultaneously. This is a difficult problem in its own right, called design closure. Floorplanning: The RTL of the chip is assigned to gross regions of the chip, input/output (I/O) pins are assigned and large objects (arrays, cores, etc. ) are placed. Logic synthesis: The RTL is mapped into a gate-level netlist in the target technology of the chip. Placement: The gates in the netlist are assigned to nonoverlapping locations on the die area. Logic/placement refinement: Iterative logical and placement transformations to close performance and power constraints. Clock insertion: Clock signal wiring is (commonly, clock trees) introduced into the design. Routing: The wires that connect the gates in the netlist are added. Postwiring optimization: Performance (timing closure), noise (signal integrity), and yield (Design for manufacturability) violations are removed. Design for manufacturability: The design is modified, where possible, to make it as easy and efficient as possible to produce. This is achieved by adding extra vias or adding dummy metal/diffusion/poly layers wherever possible while complying to the design rules set by the foundry. Final checking: Since errors are expensive, time consuming and hard to spot, extensive error checking is the rule, making sure the mapping to logic was done correctly, and checking that the manufacturing rules were followed faithfully. Tapeout and mask generation: the design data is turned into photomasks in mask data preparation. Process cornersProcess corners provide digital designers the ability to simulate the circuit while accounting for variations in the technology process. Analog designBefore the advent of the microprocessor and software based design tools, analog ICs were designed using hand calculations. These ICs were basic circuits, op-amps are one example, usually involving no more than ten transistors and few connections. An iterative trial-and-error process and â€Å"overengineering† of device size was often necessary to achieve a manufacturable IC. Reuse of proven designs allowed progressively more complicated ICs to be built upon prior knowledge. When inexpensive computer processing became available in the 1970s, computer programs were written to simulate circuit designs with greater accuracy than practical by hand calculation. The first circuit simulator for analog ICs was called SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuits Emphasis). Computerized circuit simulation tools enable greater IC design complexity than hand calculations can achieve, making the design of analog ASICs practical. The computerized circuit simulators also enable mistakes to be found early in the design cycle before a physical device is fabricated. Additionally, a computerized circuit simulator can implement more sophisticated device models and circuit analysis too tedious for hand calculations, permitting Monte Carlo analysis and process sensitivity analysis to be practical. The effects of parameters such as temperature variation, doping concentration variation and statistical process variations can be simulated easily to determine if an IC design is manufacturable. Overall, computerized circuit simulation enables a higher degree of confidence that the circuit will work as expected upon manufacture. Coping with variabilityA challenge most critical to analog IC design involves the variability of the individual devices built on the semiconductor chip. Unlike board-level circuit design which permits the designer to select devices that have each been tested and binned according to value, the device values on an IC can vary widely which are uncontrollable by the designer. For example, some IC resistors can vary  ±20% and ? of an integrated BJT can vary from 20 to 100. To add to the design challenge, device properties often vary between each processed semiconductor wafer. Device properties can even vary significantly across each individual IC due to doping gradients. The underlying cause of this variability is that many semiconductor devices are highly sensitive to uncontrollable random variances in the process. Slight changes to the amount of diffusion time, uneven doping levels, etc. can have large effects on device properties. Some design techniques used to reduce the effects of the device variation are: Using the ratios of resistors, which do match closely, rather than absolute resistor value. Using devices with matched geometrical shapes so they have matched variations. Making devices large so that statistical variations becomes an insignificant fraction of the overall device property. Segmenting large devices, such as resistors, into parts and interweaving them to cancel variations. Using common centroid device layout to cancel variations in devices which must match closely (such as the transistor differential pair of an op amp). VendorsThe four largest companies[citation needed] selling electronic design automation tools are Synopsys, Cadence, Mentor Graphics, and Magma. How to cite Integrated Circuit Design, Papers

A Thousand Splendid Suns Story free essay sample

A Thousand Splendid Suns, written by Khaled Hosseini is a story of two young afghan women, Laila and Mariam, who face and overcome many tragedies and live in a country ruined by political oppression and war. Both Mariam and Laila have endured so much heartache partially because they are women, but yet have managed to have pull together the strength to persevere. To persevere is to maintain a purpose in spite of difficulty, obstacles, or discouragement and continue consistently *make this the introduction scentence). Even though Mariam and Laila are years apart by age, and come from two different life styles, they are both forced to marry Rasheed , an older man who they dont(do not) know, in order to make a living for themselves. Mariam and Laila eventually learn to cooperate as they undergo Rasheeds emotional and physical abuse, and the rules set out for women in Afghanistan. Hosseini demonstrates through the perseverance of Mariam and Laila, how the inner strength of Afghan women allows them to endure difficult situations including forced marriages, lack of educational opportunities and Taliban restrictions. Marriage is the union of two people who love each other and wish to be in a committed partnership with one another. Marriage should not be forced on anyone who does not wish to be in a marriage (does not wish it), however; the women in the book, Mariam and Laila are both married off at a very young age to the same man, who is twice their age. In Mariams case, she was a burden to her family and so they just took the first offer for her. Rasheed is here, in Heart (Herat); he has come all the way from Kabul. The nikka will be tomorrow morning, and then there is a bus leaving for Kabul at noon (Hosseini 49). Mariam was not even consulted in whether or not she wanted to marry Rasheed, let alone she had never seen or met him before (not important). The other woman in the book, Laila, had no choice but to marry Rasheed. Laila had no body left to take care for her, all her friends and family had died or moved because of war. She had to think of her baby and to avoid the shame of being an unwed mother. Laila agreed to marry Rasheed, who was eager to have a young and attractive second wife. I am too old. Too old for you to do this to me. For you after all these years, to make me an ambagh(Hosseini 215). This was heart breaking for Mariam, for her husband to marry another woman, after she had spent her youth trying to be a good wife to him. I wouldnt have fed you and washed you and nursed you if Id known you were going to turn around and steal my husband (Hosseini 226). Mariam feels Laila is stealing her husband; she is upset and jealous of the new bride. Rasheed went as far as selling of his first wedding ring for a new and more expensive ring for Laila. Mariam and Laila are equally in the same situation in regards to being in a marriage with a man they both dont love, however However through the difficult condition they face on a daily basis from their abusive husband Rasheed. they overcome obstacles each day as their inner strength begins to grow and realize they deserve a better life, . nd With the support of one another, both women learn to persevere Rasheeds mistreatment and find a way to get out in the end even if its means to sacrifice their own lives. Education provides the opportunity to learn new things and expand or build knowledge. Education is a right, everyone has the right and should have the right to attend school. (dont need it). The book shows two stories about education that most women in Afghanistan go through. It is shown that Mariam was born to a poor background and was raised up by a bitter mother named Nana. Nana didnt let Mariam do anything because she was worried that she would lose her. Whats the sense schooling a girl like you? Its like shining a spittoon. And youll learn nothing of value in those schools (Hosseini 18). Mariam wanted to learn but Nana refused to give her an education; therefore, when Nana died, Mariam had no choice but to marry Rasheed. Laila on the other hand had a fairly normal more stable background and an encouraging father. I know youre still young, but I want you to understand and learn this now. Marriage can wait, education cannot. Youre a very, very bright girl (Hosseini 114). Lailas father believed in her and allowed her to continue her education, which allowed Laila to gain the confidence to stand up to her future husband, Rasheed. Its a good time to be a woman in Afghanistan. And you can take advantage of that Laila (Hosseini 121). (remove quote). Women in general were evolving in Afghanistan and, with education theyd finally rise but sadly unfortunately the Taliban and the opinions of some men have ruined the opportunity for education for the women of Afghanistan to . After the eath of Lailas parents, she had no better choice but to get married, leaving behind her bright future. If it wasnt for war and the political oppression going on in Afghanistan Laila could have done so much more with continued her education. Nonetheless, Laila does not allow the lack of education opportunities bring her down,. Instead she has a goal of making she makes it a goal Afghanistan a better place for women to live in, as wel l as having the determination to not let anything or anyone bring her down and continue to be the strong woman she always has been. The Taliban take over was a huge step back for Afghanistan and its blossoming age for women. At first, it was believed the Taliban were saviors for the Afghan people, a lot of people assumed they would solve the problem, people like Rasheed, Let them come, I, for one, will shower them with rose petals (Hosseini 275). The people had no idea what the Taliban were doing;, they fully supported it, till untill they the Taliban started to impose laws. Most of these laws were strictly towards women. You will stay inside your homes at all times. It is not proper for women to wander aimlessly about the streets. If you go outside, you must be accompanied by a mahram, a male relative. If you are caught alone on the street, you will be beaten and sent home (Hosseini 278). The laws imposed by the Taliban basically treats women like dogs and like dogs, women were not allowed to leave their homes to go for a walk without a male escort.. Laila was beaten on several occasions by the Taliban every week when she would go see her daughter, Aziza, at the orphanage because Rasheed refused to take her. Mariam had heard the announcement, in January of that year that men and women would be seen in different hospitals, that all females would be discharged from Kabuls hospitals and sent to work in one central faculty (Hosseini 284). The Taliban went as far as forcing women to one central hospital with limited doctors and supplies, which made child birth for many women to be a terrifying situation. Laila suffered an awful child birth environmen t; she had to get a casesarian without any anesthetics (sounds better than drugs). The Taliban ways were laws were cruel to women which led to the death of many afghan women. Mariam was stoned to death by the Taliban for killing her husband Rasheed. Mariam and Laila being begin to realize they are stronger than they ever gave themselves credit for thought, and even though they both were aware of the consequences it was important for both women to finally be free, and fight for their freedom fight for their freedom. Mariam who always feared Rasheed has found the strength within her herself to finally set herself as well as Lailas life free. Mariam overcame her fear, and although she was aware of the fact that she was to die, she knew that she finally persevered. Misogyny is the hatred, dislike or distrust of women. Afghanistan is a very misogynistic country, mainly because of the mentality of most men being influenced by the Taliban who are a Muslim fundamentalists group. A Thousand Splendid Suns shows the struggles that women such as Mariam and Laila go through on a daily basis. The laws imposed by the Taliban basically treats women like dogs and like dogs, women were not allowed to leave their homes to go for a walk without a male escort (add this example in conclusion instead of the third paragraph). The women were treated like animals in Afghanistan, and through the pain and heartache,. Mariam and Lailas perseverance has allowed then to endure forced marriages, lack of educational opportunities and Taliban restrictions. Hosseini portrayal of Mariam and Laila throughout the novel was a representation of women in Afghanistan and women in general possess the inner strength to conquer difficult situations and consistently fight to have the same rights and opportunities men are given. To persevere is to maintain purpose in spite of difficulty, and in the end of the novel, for Laila she lives in reasonable peace, freed from the scourge of virtually permanent suffering. [s][/s]