Frito

Frito-Lay Tostistos Essay Frito-LaysTostitosIn 1932, Elmer Doolin, who was in the frozen yogurt business, purchased a formula for corn chips from a Mexican man who was anxious to leave the states and get back. From him Doolin obtained 19 records and old assembling hardware in plans to begin an altogether new industry in America. The main assembling plant for Fritos Corn Chips began in Doolins moms kitchen. With a great deal of difficult work, Elmers deals expanded and new gear and bundling were before long required. After WW II he would allow H.W. Lay and Company, a wellspring of potato chips and nibble nourishments, a selective establishment to produce and convey Fritos Corn Chips. The two organizations would work near one another and in 1961 they would consolidate. After four years, Pepsi-Cola Company would likewise join with Frito-Lay, yet with discrete working divisions, to frame another organization called PepsiCo. Buyers in 1995 spent an expected $13.2 billion on Frito-Lay bites, up $1.8 billion of every 1994. (PepsiCo. 1995 Annual Report). As of now, Frito-Lay is as yet growing its deals and serves the entirety of the US markets. In 1989 they recreated their business into 4 local divisions to reinforce its channel dissemination. Their development has proceeded and starting at 1991 they had 22 Sales and Marketing regions so as to bring the choice procedure closer together. Right now they are proceeding to develop broadly and all around with appropriation coming to about 400,000 in retail, distributing, and food administration accounts around the nation (PepsiCo. 1995 Annual Report) They offer in excess of 100 product offerings and a few brand names, for example, Lays, Ruffles, Doritos, Rold Gold, and Tostitos. The general piece of the pie for tortilla and corn contributes 1993 represented 25.8% of retail deals and 27.8% of pound volume of the salted tidbits advertise. Frito-Lays advertise incl usion includes serious appropriation by setting its items in comfort stores, mass merchandisers, markets, supermarkets, and candy machines. Todays normal for the companys conveyance among basic food item and grocery stores has ascended to about 56% (PepsiCo.1996 Facts). Frito-Lays nearest rivalry in size for nibble nourishments is Nabisco, who dosent have a tidbit chip to contend with Tostitos corn chip. Brilliant Flake Enterprises is Fritos greatest rival in size and markets served that has a tortilla chip, however they contend in a roundabout route through restricted product offerings. A few organizations that contend serving littler markets are Philadelphias Utz, Herrs, and Bravo. They attempt to rival Frito-Lay, however the majority of them need to add a level of separation to increase a slight upper hand in a market that is to simple to duplicate. Organizations selling in little neighborhood markets attempt to contend and separate through focusing on their crowds all the more s traightforwardly which is hard for Frito Lay to do. Anyway littler organizations assets are restricted, so it is difficult to contend straightforwardly with the huge wholesaler in business sectors served. Frito has additionally utilized the methodology of forward mix, which implies they have utilized their income to oversee merchants and retailers which makes it difficult for little organizations to pick up circulation channels. Fritos nibble items are accessible in 40 nations and accepts that most of its development will originate from building up new markets. Frito-Lay claims the vast majority of their tasks yet a few activities are joint endeavors. The organization takes a stab at keeping its piece of the pie and has acquired outside firms to take a gander at their flexibly affix from assembling to appropriation, to coordinations and transportation arranging. This previous year the organization won an honor for its flavoring and bundling program. It attempts to get full truckloads by using special transporter the board innovation frameworks which are anticipated to spare 20% in transportation costs, lessen stock conveying costs, and empower conveyances two times every week to creation offices which is relied upon to diminish transportation time. They are additionally utilizing what is known as a back-pull program to fill void miles in Frito-Lays private armada, creating over $250,000 in gradual income for its traffic communities. They have additionally spent large cash on a coordinated framework which gives perceivability and efficiency instruments to enhance Frito-Lays circulation organize (www.markvii.com/news/frito.htm). Popularity based Outlaws EssayMarketing and Advertising

Its Time to Terraform Mars :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

It's Time to Terraform Mars Earth is Heaven. Venus is Hell. Mars is not one or the other, yet. K.G.M. Paterson Presentation Our nearby planetary group started to frame 4.6 billion years back from a twirling mass cloud. Plus or minus two or three million years, the gas cooled and joined to frame huge bodies called â€Å"protoplanets,† which later turned into the planets we know today. Anything that remained after the planets shaped became comets or space rocks, tossed pretty much everywhere throughout the close planetary system. Following 100 million years, the colossal wad of gas at the focal point of this whirling mass cloud overheated and detonated in an immense atomic response. This response brought forth the sun we know today. This sun has enough vitality to accommodate nine planets, and the perfect blend of masses and circles to give Earth the correct fixings to help life. Obviously, after a lot progressively a great many years, these correct fixings prompted the formula for human life; before long individuals of the old world watched the developments of the planets. The old Greeks thought the y were meandering stars, and gave them the name planetes, or vagabonds. Obviously, the Romans vanquished the Greeks, and renamed the planets after their divine beings. Earth is the main planet whose name doesn’t get from antiquated Greek or Roman folklore. Earth originates from the Old English word Gaia; yet the Romans called our planet Terra, thus Terra Firma. Mars was supposed to be named after the divine force of war on account of its furious red shading; however right off the bat Mars was loved as a lord of development and ripeness. Earth This third stone from the sun has the perfect blend of factors to support and continue life on it for such a large number of years. Be that as it may, why here and no what other place you inquire? Its majority has to do with the way that it is the third stone from the sun. The good ways from the sun (150 million km) is the perfect separation to take into account water to exist as a fluid, a significant fixing to support life. With more than 2/3 of the planet secured with water, the Earth’s seas are ideal for managing the temperature of the planet at a reliable 22 °C, another significant fixing to permit life to endure. With an incredible attractive field

Biodiesel :: Energy, Biomass

Biomass can be delegated dry biomass, (for example, wood) or the wet biomass sources, for example, natural part of household squander, agro-modern squanders, slurries and waste water. Warm change or gasification of the dry biomass produces vitality. Figure 3 sums up an estimated overall vitality utilization level. Almost 2 kg billion biomass is singed ordinarily in creating nations. Particularly in India, 90% of essential vitality use is represented biomass in provincial territories (wood-56%; crop deposits 16%; waste 21%). Ignition of these sources prompts high convergences of respirable particulates, gases including CO, SO2, nitrogen oxides and harmful mixes, for example, benzene and formaldehyde [23]. The wet biomass is less appropriate for warm transformation. Biotechnological forms are included where the responses are catalyzed by microorganisms in a fluid domain at low temperature and weight. Amphibian biomass presents a simple versatility to develop in various conditions and h as upgraded CO2 obsession went with a low nitrous oxide discharge. Some microalgal biomass is considered as a superior option sustainable power source, either earthbound or sea-going (Botryococcus braunii) (Fig. 1m). Taking into account the oil substance of numerous microalgae (Table 2) vitality recuperation from biomass can be actualized for a huge scope promptly. The photosynthetic productivity of oceanic biomass is a lot higher (6-8%) than that of its earthbound partner (1.8-2.2%) [13]. Further, oceanic biomass presents a simple versatility to develop in various conditions either in new or marine water or in a wide scope of pH. This makes the sea-going biomass increasingly versatile or an upgraded CO2 obsession to bear the cost of a high biomass creation. The main practicable techniques for enormous scope creation of microalgae are cylindrical photobioreactors [19] and open raceway lakes [20]. Broad examinations have been completed for the development of various marine microalga utilizing an assortment of development frameworks including open lak es and different sorts of shut photobioreactors [21, 22]. Since effectively a few articles were managed huge scope creation, this paper didn't focus on these issues. Biomass for power age has been perceived as a significant part of the sustainable power source program in India and this is reflected in the need appended to it by the MNES. There are specialties with considerable potential for the utilization of biomass for power age for example bagasse cogeneration in sugar plants, decentralized gasifier based diesel cogeneration frameworks in south India and biomass squander from horticultural activities or agro-enterprises in concentrated topographical pockets [23]. A biomass power/cogeneration limit expansion of 115 MW in six states was made in the nation during the year arriving at an aggregate force age limit of 727 MW.

Positive Psychology and Sex free essay sample

Positive Psychology and Sex Name: Institution: Course: Date: Tutor: 1. 0 Role of feelings in sex and climax Brain filtering examines show that sex is a significant mood killer for ladies. The cerebrum checks show that numerous pieces of the female mind really switch off. This shows ladies need passionate sentiments during climaxes (Praise, 2009). An exploration was completed on thirteen solid accomplices. The examination thought about three conditions of rest; faked climax, invigorated clitoris and clitoris animated to climax point while the ladies lay with her head inside a PET scanner. The outcomes from the examination demonstrated that incitement of he ladies triggers the minds tangible part known as the essential compensatory cortex yet hinders the improvement of the hippopotamus and the amazedly which are the areas liable for nervousness and readiness (Praise, 2009). A few locales of the mind were additionally seen as dynamic during climax when contrasted with the resting state. We will compose a custom exposition test on Positive Psychology and Sex or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page One of these districts is the special cortex. This investigation affirms the authentic information that ladies can't discover sex agreeable on the off chance that they have interruptions, stresses and are not loose. Uneasiness and dread levels must be low for a lady to have a climax. The clarification offered by Praise, (2009)for this remarkable conduct is that feelings are turned off in the cerebrum during sex and that the individual discovers more significance in the possibility of creating a posterity than the danger of enduring. This remarkable conduct can likewise be believed to walk with bunnies during the rearing season when the dread of predators is abrogated by the mating urge (Hand, 2006). A clarification has not anyway been given to clarify the extraordinary deactivation in the different pieces of the cerebrum during orgasm(Hillier, Wood ; Bolton, 2006). The cerebellum, which is answerable for development coordination and somewhat guideline of feelings, was the main part saw as actuated more during the female climax. It isn't clear what this cerebellum actuation identifies with. As indicated by Hutchinson, (2003), a great many people accept ladies are progressively enthusiastic in sex yet the above represented nervous system science of climax demonstrates something else. As opposed to certain individuals, sexual want is additionally a feeling. This is on the grounds that a feeling is brought about by a huge change in sentiments. Sexual want is along these lines not Just an organic urge pleasant it includes individual concern, force, curtness and a fractional point of view. Sex is a significant feeling since it guarantees nonstop endurance of humankind. Lunch times an individual to more readily need to comprehend the point of view of others on feelings and sentiments in regards to sex (Hutchinson, 2003). This is on the grounds that an individual who seriously needs sex is compelled to tune in to the needs of others and gets a commitment of understanding their point of view. Through sex, an individual understands the significance of others since one can't do only it. I t is because of this demonstration that individuals can work ND collaborate together with those of the other gender. As indicated by Napoleon Hill, sex is the most grounded human feeling (Hutchinson, 2003). Finding out about the other gender gets familiar with sex and through sex, individuals can value the enormous assorted varieties between them. Here and there sex can be, to a bigger degree, be viewed as more significant than adoration itself as far as feelings (Kirsch ; Becker, 2007). This is on the grounds that despite the fact that adoration makes an individual to give constructive commitment to society, sex goes above and beyond and expects one to find out about the other individual (Siegel, 2010). 2. Job of dreams in sex and climax Hutchinson, (2003), states that the most well-known kinds of climax incorporate clitoral climax, vaginal climax and G-spot climax. A great many people anyway don't perceive the mental climax. This is a climax that emerges simply from pondering sex. It tends to be either from reviewing past encounters or fantasizing on new encounters. It can likewise be alluded to as mental masturbation and happens with no physical incitement at all (Peptides, Burnham, 2006). The female climax is unpredictable and along these lines the mental climax may be effortlessly discounted as a fantasy. Mental climax is accomplished through mental incitement accomplishment of an excitement without genital incitement and without trade of body liquids or rubbing (The Lovers Guide, 2012). This demonstrates the generally known hypothesis of capacity. The hypothesis of accomplishing climax through creative mind can be bolstered by the way that the cerebrum discharges different synthetic compounds during various errands (Hutchinson, 2003). Numerous ladies have likewise been believed to get wet from discussing sex on telephones or digital. This shows female climaxes can be prompted in a few different ways. Male climaxes can likewise be animated through brain science. This is demonstrated by the way that a few men experience wet dreams without a physical incitement. Most analysts anyway guarantee brain science to be more typical in ladies than men. Sub zero condition, which is the disappointment of a lady to arrive at climax during sex, has been asserted by specialists to be brought about by mental issues instead of anatomical issues in ladies. Norman (2009) clarifies that every single female climax emerge out of the clitoris since it is the focal point of sexy movement in females. The clitoris is the main region in ladies fit for arriving at sexual peak and accomplishing climax. The clitoris is anyway not effectively animated regretting ordinary sexual positions leaving ladies to be sub zero. Ladies have additionally had the option to arrive at climaxes through interests and dreams. The incitement is simply mental yet the climax is showed genuinely (Broody ; Costa, 2008). Climax through dream shows that the cerebrum is the most basic part in sexual entomb course. Just 2% of ladies have detailed accomplishing climax by the procedure of thought despite the fact that this low number could be on the grounds that not many ladies attempt it (Norman, 2009). The way toward accomplishing the climax necessitates that the incitement originates from dream attractive contemplations in the brain. Research through checking hardware demonstrated that self-actuated symbolism climaxes caused comparative sexual reactions, for example, student expansion, expanded pulse and pulse to an individual accomplishing climax from cervical or vaginal incitement (Bubbler, 2011). The districts of the mind that were activated during cervical and vaginal physical incitement were simply a similar that were enacted initiated symbolism. The parts incorporate the foremost office, hippopotamus, the core acumens and the VPN (Norman, 2009). To accomplish sexual delight, one NAS to contact just on extremely attractive contemplations and unwind into them. One likewise needs to know their sexual triggers and decide to focus on these considerations more. 3. 0 Effects of web sex entertainment on sex/life form Pornography habit over a significant stretch of time prompts masturbation which changes the science of mind and in the end prompts cerebrum harm. As indicated by Dodge (2007), in his examination about neuropsychiatry of the cerebrums he distinguished that the human mind can develop and change after some time contingent upon its introduction to the earth and through preparing. The human mind is in reality extremely perplexing and contains many interconnected neurons which forms data by getting signals which are later coordinated to the necessary structure. A few investigates that have been completed show that cerebrum versatility is really a physical change which permits refining or debilitating associations of the neurons(Dodge, 2007). Introduction of the mind to sex entertainment prompts a dynamic change after some time either genuinely, artificially and in its usefulness. Erotic entertainment gives people vibes that are pleasurable and they may wind up disregarding other significant obligations and leave them unattended. Masturbation, on occasion can come about because of review of obscene materials in the web. It includes the incitement of the mind that prompts arrival of dopamine into the circulatory system and henceforth the accomplishment of a pleasurable inclination (Cookbook, 2007). The cerebrum can likewise be activated to discharge dopamine into the circulatory system after the survey of sensual pictures. The sensation is a result of a dynamic number of steps which start with review obscene pictures. This is trailed by an inclination to animate joy neurons in the mind and compulsion to alleviate these sensations results to masturbation. Ceaseless introduction to explicit materials prompts changes in the structure of the mind because of reproducibility changes which makes fixation that conduct. Avoid (2007) takes note of that dependence on obscene materials winds up causing long time changes in the mind structure and usefulness. A lot of synthetic concoctions, for example, termination, serotonin and dopamine are found in huge amounts in the blood after delayed introduction to sex entertainment and are totally associated with expanding sexual wants (Cookbook, 2007). With time, the obscene pictures become engraved in people cerebrums and once joined with constant masturbation results to mind harm that is both concoction and organic in nature. Research by synapses likewise show that visual picture making a trip from the eye to the cerebrum happens in a split of a second and formation of recollections happens right away, in this manner each explicit picture saw makes the mind change accordingly causing a dynamic cerebrum harm (Cutter;Glean, 2007). Dependence on erotic entertainment has likewise been accepted to cause mental and physiological impacts that are informational. In numerous couples who are hitched, it has been resolved that there are more issues in their sexual relationship in situations where both of the accomplices has been dependent on viewing orangeroot (Lambert, 2012). The sexual desire to engage in sexual relations is diminished and the accomplice needs to fantasize on a specific po

Newport News

Newport News Newport News, independent city (1990 pop. 170,045), SE Va., on the Virginia peninsula, at the mouth of the James River, off Hampton Roads, near Norfolk; inc. 1896. It is a port for transatlantic and intracoastal shipping; commodities handled include coal, oil, tobacco, grain, and ores. Newport News is also one of the nation's major shipbuilding and repair centersâ€"its shipbuilding industry began in 1886. The U.S.S. Enterprise II, the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, was constructed there. The city's other industries include seafood processing, printing and publishing, and the manufacture of office and electronic equipment, plastic and paper products, and apparel. There are also oil refineries. Newport News was settled by Irish colonists c.1620 but did not grow appreciably until 1880, when it became the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio RR. In 1862 the famous battle between the ironclad ships Monitor and Merrimack took place off Newport News. Points of interest include the Mariners Museum (including the U.S.S. Monitor Center), the War Memorial Museum of Virginia, the Virginia Living Museum and Planetarium, and the Victory Arch (1919, rebuilt 1962). Fort Eustis, with the Matthew Jones House (1660) on the fort's grounds, is there. Christopher Newport Univ. is in the city. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Annonated Bibliography Essay - 825 Words

Annonated Bibliography (Essay Sample) Content: Annotated BibliographyNameUniversity AffiliationOutline 1 Classical conditioning * Describe the background of the classical conditioning theory. * Deduct the contributions of theorists who contributed to the development of the theory. * Define the major principles associated within the theory as they relate to the psychology of learning. * Summarize how this theory explains how permanent change in behavior occurs. * Give examples of real world applications of the classical conditioning theory. 2 Operant Conditioning * Define the theory and integral principles. * Discuss the contributions of major theorists to the development of the theory. * Discuss the key components of the operant conditioning theory. * Give examples real life examples of operant conditioning. 3 Neo-behaviorism * Describe the major principles associated with the theory. * Discuss the contribution of major theorists towards the development of the neo-behaviorism theory. * Compare and contrast case st udies under the theory. * Outline the ideas of major neo-behaviorists and show how they oppose the Watson behaviorism. * Give examples of real world application of neo-behaviorism theory.Coon, A., Mitterer, J., Talbot, S., and Vanchella, C. M. (2010). An Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Operant conditioning, another form of learning by association, is another useful approach in the study of psychology. This tool applies in everyday lives, which one can use to adjust behavior, pets, children, and adults. Through the Skinner box, we are able to achieve animal behavior modification during the operant conditioning process. For example, one could teach his dog to "shake" whenever speaking a command. The individual can condition the animal by issuing a positive reinforcer in the form of food whenever the dog responds positively to his command.Operant conditioning requires than one during the experimental process associat e response obtained with its result. As from the case of training a dog to "shakeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , principle of reinforcement ensures that the consequence is repeated. According to the Edward Thordike, this is the "law of effects" since a certain response associates with a given results.Henton, W., and Iversen, I. (1978). Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Theories. New York, Heidelberg, Berlin. Springer.Animals, as well as human beings, show similar asymmetry in the operant discrimination learning. This because of a lapse in the processing of information where negative information is ignored. This effect is best observed in conditioning experiments. However, the experiments have not deployed the use of human subjects to experiment the effect. Researchers continue to experiment with the negative effect to determine the effect in human beings. The experiments aim at determining alternatives to the positive effect. Though most of the conditioning experiments use non-human subjects, it is readily observable in humans. For example, in advertising where attractive models display side-by-side with marketable products. An example of negative classical conditioning is the induction of phobia in humans as studied by Watson and Rayner (1920).Hergenhahn, B., and Henley, T. B. (2014). An introduction to the history of psychology.This theory gears well with psychologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s emphasis on behavior. For example, operational definition of the learning process could be in the form of making a specified number of correct turns in the T-maze. Conversely, anxiety and intelligence of an organism can take the operational definition of the scores obtained in a relevant test. Neo-behaviorism is such that it bases its conclusions on publicly observable behavior rather than mental capabilities. This theory is such that if the operational definitions could be assigned to a concept it is scientifically meaningless. This meant emphasizing logical positivism than earlier co ncepts of earlier positivism with no aversion to theory. Neo-behaviorism theory required combining with logical positivism. Through logical positivism made the study of many forms of behaviorisms.McLeod, S. (2012). Classical conditioning. Simply Psychology, Retrieved from /classical-conditioning.htmlJohn Broadus Watson familiarized the behaviorism idea in 1913 through his classical piece "Psychology as the b... Annonated Bibliography Essay - 825 Words Annonated Bibliography (Essay Sample) Content: Annotated BibliographyNameUniversity AffiliationOutline 1 Classical conditioning * Describe the background of the classical conditioning theory. * Deduct the contributions of theorists who contributed to the development of the theory. * Define the major principles associated within the theory as they relate to the psychology of learning. * Summarize how this theory explains how permanent change in behavior occurs. * Give examples of real world applications of the classical conditioning theory. 2 Operant Conditioning * Define the theory and integral principles. * Discuss the contributions of major theorists to the development of the theory. * Discuss the key components of the operant conditioning theory. * Give examples real life examples of operant conditioning. 3 Neo-behaviorism * Describe the major principles associated with the theory. * Discuss the contribution of major theorists towards the development of the neo-behaviorism theory. * Compare and contrast case st udies under the theory. * Outline the ideas of major neo-behaviorists and show how they oppose the Watson behaviorism. * Give examples of real world application of neo-behaviorism theory.Coon, A., Mitterer, J., Talbot, S., and Vanchella, C. M. (2010). An Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Operant conditioning, another form of learning by association, is another useful approach in the study of psychology. This tool applies in everyday lives, which one can use to adjust behavior, pets, children, and adults. Through the Skinner box, we are able to achieve animal behavior modification during the operant conditioning process. For example, one could teach his dog to "shake" whenever speaking a command. The individual can condition the animal by issuing a positive reinforcer in the form of food whenever the dog responds positively to his command.Operant conditioning requires than one during the experimental process associat e response obtained with its result. As from the case of training a dog to "shakeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , principle of reinforcement ensures that the consequence is repeated. According to the Edward Thordike, this is the "law of effects" since a certain response associates with a given results.Henton, W., and Iversen, I. (1978). Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Theories. New York, Heidelberg, Berlin. Springer.Animals, as well as human beings, show similar asymmetry in the operant discrimination learning. This because of a lapse in the processing of information where negative information is ignored. This effect is best observed in conditioning experiments. However, the experiments have not deployed the use of human subjects to experiment the effect. Researchers continue to experiment with the negative effect to determine the effect in human beings. The experiments aim at determining alternatives to the positive effect. Though most of the conditioning experiments use non-human subjects, it is readily observable in humans. For example, in advertising where attractive models display side-by-side with marketable products. An example of negative classical conditioning is the induction of phobia in humans as studied by Watson and Rayner (1920).Hergenhahn, B., and Henley, T. B. (2014). An introduction to the history of psychology.This theory gears well with psychologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s emphasis on behavior. For example, operational definition of the learning process could be in the form of making a specified number of correct turns in the T-maze. Conversely, anxiety and intelligence of an organism can take the operational definition of the scores obtained in a relevant test. Neo-behaviorism is such that it bases its conclusions on publicly observable behavior rather than mental capabilities. This theory is such that if the operational definitions could be assigned to a concept it is scientifically meaningless. This meant emphasizing logical positivism than earlier co ncepts of earlier positivism with no aversion to theory. Neo-behaviorism theory required combining with logical positivism. Through logical positivism made the study of many forms of behaviorisms.McLeod, S. (2012). Classical conditioning. Simply Psychology, Retrieved from /classical-conditioning.htmlJohn Broadus Watson familiarized the behaviorism idea in 1913 through his classical piece "Psychology as the b...

Analysis Of M. Butterfly By David Henry Hwang Essay

M. Butterfly, by David Henry Hwang, focuses and explores on this central theme of sexism towards women in most cultures. Sexism refers to the prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping of an individual on the basis of their sex. Throughout M. Butterfly, sexism is illustrated through the actions of the protagonist, Rene Gallimard. Aside from this, sexism is also illustrated in most of the conversations that the characters in the play exchange. David Henry Hwang explores the different stereotypes and discriminations against women and how these stereotypes and discriminations not only affect Oriental women but women of the West as well. The plot of the story surrounds this man, Rene Gallimard, who is a French diplomat being sent to China. Although a married man, he begins to fall in love with Song Liling, an opera singer. Gallimard and Liling begin a secret relationship but at the end it is uncovered that Song Liling was actually a Chinese spy and not other than a man. The theme of the play begins to unravel here when it comes to the reader’s notice that the focus of this play is based on this fantasy stereotype which Gallimard holds for Song, even when finding out she is in reality a man. Throughout M. Butterfly, Gallimard manner of speaking towards Song demonstrates this idea of this fantasy stereotype. This term of â€Å"fantasy stereotype† refers to this concept that men hold of women and how the â€Å"perfect woman† should act and be. Fantasy stereotype is part of the sexismShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of M. Butterfly By David Henry Hwang1772 Words   |  8 Pagesalong Western and Eastern lines, and we expect the nation-states to act accordingly. David Henry Hwang, author of M. Butterfly, describes the scenario through one of his characters, Song Liling, as â€Å"The West thinks of itself as masculine – big guns, big industry, big money – so the East is feminine – weak, delicate, poor†¦but good at art, and full of inscrutable wisdom – the feminine mystique† (Hwang 1988). Hwang lays out this relationship between the East and West as a relationship between man andRead More Feminism in M. Butterfly Essay2722 Words   |  11 PagesFeminism in M. Butterfly In the 1989 drama M. Butterfly, the masterwork of contemporary American playwright David Henry Hwang, the topic of sexual politics underlies all other themes, and creates a tension between the genders that pervades throughout the text; moreover, Hwang subverts traditional thematic aspects of sexual politics by questioning the most fundamental unit of sex by considering the very nature of gender and what defines a male or a female. These elements unite and develop a

Substances Include Those Like Stressful Life Events Such

substances include those like stressful life events such as illness, divorce, conflict in relationships, poor social supports from peers and parents, lack of quality relationships, frequent conflicts and arguments in relationships, and supportive relationships with parents (Rogers, 2016). Suicide Suicide among adolescents, has been an increasing problem over the past several decades. Suicide is now the third leading cause of death for young people ages 15 to 24, accounting for 20% of all suicidal deaths. Looking through a biopsychosocial lens, there are factors that we can see that contribute to the thoughts and attempts of suicide, these factors include stressful life events, such as academic problems, unintended pregnancy,†¦show more content†¦During adolescence, these factors are powerfully influenced by increases in the eating of fast food and high fat snacks, that are often combined with increases in sedentary behavior and/or low levels of physical activity (Koehn, Gillison, Standage, Bailey, 2016). Many adolescents do not identify any convincing reason to protect their health through diet and exercise, hypothetically as threats to health seem too far in the future to make health related activities a priority (Koehn, Gillison, Standage, Bailey, 2016). Adole scents are satisfied to allow their physical activity and dietary choices be dictated by ease or priorities such as asserting their individuality and fitting in with their friends (Koehn, Gillison, Standage, Bailey, 2016). Crime and Violence In the life transition stage of adolescent males, we see an increase in deviance, crime, and violent behavior (Rogers, 2016). Looking through the biopsychosocial lens, there are factors that have been found to help predict violence and delinquency in adolescence. On the micro level, these include being male, substance use, low-wages, occasional achievement, low impulse control, feelings of powerlessness, childhood aggression, hyperactivity, and withdraw (Rogers, 2016). On the mezo level, we would look for family conflict, lack of family support, and discipline and negative peer pressure, like the negative influences of gangs for example (Rogers, 2016). On the macro level, we would look at poverty, livingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Depression And Its Effects On Society1266 Words   |  6 Pagesbacked up and proven by scientists and researchers to come from a person’s personal events, can be caused by a person’s biology, or even the abuse of substances is proven to have an impact on the cause of depression as well. The events in a person’s life can have increase ones risk of clinical depression. These events can have an immediate effect on a person or it can develop later in life. Going through traumatic events may change ones mental health causing them to become depressed. This is an exampleRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Depressive Disorder1591 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a depressive disorder? â€Å" A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts. It interferes with daily life, normal functioning, and causes pain for both the person with the disorder and those who care about him or her.† (Psychology Today) The term depression in psychology is more than just sadness. â€Å"People with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack ofRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pages(PTSD) and other mental illnesses mi litary members are diagnosed with are closely studied to gain better knowledge on how these diagnoses develop and how these diagnoses can be treated through counseling services and medication (Owens et al. 2014). Substance use is increasing amongst military members and many studies have conducted research on this topic. Military families endure different stressors than a typical family encounters. 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These symptoms are characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual s cognitive, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated withRead MoreUnderstanding General Anxiety Disorder And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1616 Words   |  7 Pages As many as 4% of the US population have symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in any given year, and ~6% at some time during their lives (Comer 2004.) This disorder is a personality disorder that literally takes over someone’s life. It interferes with social, occupational, and other areas of important daily functioning. In order to meet the criteria for being diagnosed with GAD, a person must have had continuous anxiety and worry that lasts for at least 6 months. 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An Effective Image File Storage Technique Using Data De...

ABSTRACT Recent years have seen a rapid growth in the number of virtual machines and virtual machine images that are managed to support infrastructure as a service (IaaS). For example, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) has 6,521 public virtual machine images. This creates several challenges in management of image files in a cloud computing environment. In particular, a large amount of duplicate data that exists in image files consumes significant storage space. To address this problem, we propose an effective image file storage technique using data de-duplication with a modified fixed-size block scheme. When a user requests to store an image file, this technique first calculates the fingerprint for the image file, and then compares the fingerprint with the fingerprints in a fingerprint library. If the fingerprint of the image is already in the library, a pointer to the existing fingerprint is used to store this image. Otherwise this image will be processed using the fixed-size block image segmentation method. The experiments show that this technique can significantly reduce the transmission time of image files that have already existed in storage. Also the deletion rate for image groups which have the same version of operating systems but different versions of software applications is up about 58%. Keywords: cloud computing, image files, data deduplication. 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A Short Note On The Energy Drink Industry - 996 Words

Energy drinks are part of the broader soft drink category, which includes carbonated beverages, fruit and vegetable juices, bottle water, sports drinks, beverages concentrates, ready-to-drink tea, and ready-to-drink coffee (Fontinelle). Because there are so many companies competing for the top spot for the best energy drink, it is hard for small and new companies to compete. There are challengers amongst competitors as far as distribution, obtaining shelf space, and offering something unique from the big three competitors: Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar. Some of the new and smaller companies can take on the opportunity of offering solely certified organic and Fair Trade ingredients, which is a big trend amongst a lot of people who prefer to consume products with naturally grown and processed ingredients (Fontinelle). Another trend amongst the energy drink industry is adding additional ingredients that are supposed to enhance athletic performance and recovery such as branched- ch ain amino acids and beetroot extract. Some threats towards the energy drink industry is the health hazards it poses on its consumers. One of the main ingredients in energy drinks is caffeine. Caffeine is a natural stimulant that constricts blood vessels in the brain. High doses can result in anxiety, dizziness, headaches and jitters (Health Hazards of Caffeine). Caffeine is diuretic, meaning that it can cause one to urinate more than they normally do. It can also have a great impact onShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On The Energy Drink Industry1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe energy drink industry is a fairly new market, with the top products being little under 30 years old. There are several strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the sector that are unique to this particular industry. 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Looking specifically at the Coca-Cola Company it will become clear how their strengths and them capitalizing on various opportunities, makes them the number oneRead MoreSample Resume : National Diploma Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pages National Diploma in Business L5 ASSESSMENT TASKS Unit 1994 Version 6 Title Manage the development of small business ventures L 6 C 5 NOTE: USE SEPARATE SHEETS FOR YOUR ANSWERS. THE ANSWER SHEETS SHOULD INCLUDE THE CASES AND QUESTIONS AND MUST BE SUBMITTED IN SOFT COPY TO FACILITATE ANTI-PLAGIARISM CHECKING. Task 1.1 1.1 The current high rate of inflation has caused an increase in the cost of consumable items that cannot be immersed and still maintain anRead More5 Hour Energy Shot Business Proposal for the United Kingdom Expansion10942 Words   |  44 Pages5 hour ENERGY Shot Business Proposal for The United Kingdom Expansion November 17, 2012 Florida International University – MBA Class 2013 – Group 7 Table of Contents Executive Summary.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.2 Which Product and Why?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Target Consumer Market†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Labor Cost, Availability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Macroeconomic condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦12 Technology...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreChile : A Market Oriented Economy With A Reputation For Active Foreign Investment Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesby more than fifty percent, from the peak time of $4.5 per pound to the bottom of $2.05 per pound in 2015. Currently future contracts of copper maintain a stable price profile across delivery state until 2020, at the level of $2.1-2.3 per pound. In short-term, Chile’s GDP growth has been hampered by low copper prices and less active mining private investments. In 2014, Chile’s GDP is $258.1 billion with real growth rate of 1. 9%, much lower than previous year’s growth rate of 4.2% (The World Bank 2015)Read MoreTthe Improtance of Note Taking1183 Words   |  5 PagesNote taking Taking note is one of the best ways to prepare for exam. Reading different books, collecting information from other sources and merging all the notes together helps to gives a clear image and deeper understanding on specific topic. Using an outline format I try to get as much information as i can in a piece of paper and record the lecture at the same time as the tutor will not wait for the student to write notes down. Listening to the recorder again and again helps to reorganize my notesRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Pepsi1828 Words   |  8 Pagescombinations of syrups, juices, and spices to create a refreshing drink for customers called Pepsi. Today, Pepsi is the worlds leading multinational corporation in the food and beverage industry. The developers used a rare combination of vanilla and kola nut extract, and this mixture became popular amongst consumers. In the beginning the name of the drink was â€Å"Brad’s Drink†. Bradham then renamed it to Pepsi-Cola when he started to advertise the drink. Pepsi was officially patented in 1903, and sold throughRead MorePepsi Strategic Management Case Study Essay10439 Words   |  42 PagesSTRATEGY 11.17 Recommendations 11.18 Evaluation 11. OBJECTIVES 12.19 Short-term 12.20 Long-term 12. ADDITIONAL RESOURCE 13.21 Works Cited Executive Summary: PepsiCo, as the second leading brand in non-alcohol drink industry in US, its main long-term objective is to catch up with the industry leader Coca-Cola and finally exceeds Coca-Cola to become the industry leader itself. First, PepsiCo’s mission is aim to become the worlds premier consumer products

Integrated Circuit Design Free Essays

Integrated circuit design, or IC design, is a subset of electrical engineering and computer engineering, encompassing the particular logic and circuit design techniques required to design integrated circuits, or ICs. ICs consist of miniaturized electronic components built into an electrical network on a monolithic semiconductor substrate by photolithography. IC design can be divided into the broad categories of digital and analog IC design. We will write a custom essay sample on Integrated Circuit Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Digital IC design is to produce components such as microprocessors, FPGAs, memories (RAM, ROM, and flash) and digital ASICs. Digital design focuses on logical correctness, maximizing circuit density, and placing circuits so that clock and timing signals are routed efficiently. Analog IC design also has specializations in power IC design and RF IC design. Analog IC design is used in the design of op-amps, linear regulators, phase locked loops, oscillators and active filters. Analog design is more concerned with the physics of the semiconductor devices such as gain, matching, power dissipation, and resistance. Fidelity of analog signal amplification and filtering is usually critical and as a result, analog ICs use larger area active devices than digital designs and are usually less dense in circuitry. Modern ICs are enormously complicated. A large chip, as of 2009 has close to 1 billion transistors. The rules for what can and cannot be manufactured are also extremely complex. An IC process as of 2006 may well have more than 600 rules. Furthermore, since the manufacturing process itself is not completely predictable, designers must account for its statistical nature. The complexity of modern IC design, as well as market pressure to produce designs rapidly, has led to the extensive use of automated design tools in the IC design process. In short, the design of an IC using EDA software is the design, test, and verification of the instructions that the IC is to carry out FundamentalsIntegrated circuit design involves the creation of electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and the metallic interconnect of these components onto a piece of semiconductor, typically silicon. A method to isolate the individual components formed in the substrate is necessary since the substrate silicon is conductive and often forms an active region of the individual components. The two common methods are p-n junction isolation and dielectric isolation. Attention must be given to power dissipation of transistors and interconnect resistances and current density of the interconnect, contacts and vias since ICs contain very tiny devices compared to discrete components, where such concerns are less of an issue. Electromigration in metallic interconnect and ESD damage to the tiny components are also of concern. Finally, the physical layout of certain circuit subblocks is typically critical, in order to achieve the desired speed of operation, to segregate noisy portions of an IC from quiet portions, to balance the effects of heat generation across the IC, or to facilitate the placement of connections to circuitry outside the IC. Design stepsA typical IC design cycle involves several steps: 1. Feasibility study and die size estimate 2. Functional verification 3. Circuit/RTL design 4. Circuit/RTL simulation Logic simulation 5. Floorplanning 6. Design review 7. Layout 8. Layout verification 9. Static timing analysis 10. Layout review 11. Design For Test and Automatic test pattern generation 12. Design for manufacturability (IC) 13. Mask data preparation 14. Wafer fabrication 15. Die test 16. Packaging 17. Post silicon validation 18. Device characterization 19. Tweak (if necessary) 20. Datasheet generation Portable Document Format 21. Ramp up 22. Production 23. Yield Analysis / Warranty Analysis Reliability (semiconductor) 24. Failure analysis on any returns 25. Plan for next generation chip using production information if possible Digital designRoughly speaking, digital IC design can be divided into three parts ESL design: This step creates the user functional specification. The user may use a variety of languages and tools to create this description. Examples include a C/C++ model, SystemC, SystemVerilog Transaction Level Models, Simulink and MATLAB. RTL design: This step converts the user specification (what the user wants the chip to do) into a register transfer level (RTL) description. The RTL describes the exact behavior of the digital circuits on the chip, as well as the interconnections to inputs and outputs. Physical design: This step takes the RTL, and a library of available logic gates, and creates a chip design. This involves figuring out which gates to use, defining places for them, and wiring them together. Note that the second step, RTL design, is responsible for the chip doing the right thing. The third step, physical design, does not affect the functionality at all (if done correctly) but determines how fast the chip operates and how much it costs. RTL designThis is the hardest part, and the domain of functional verification. The spec may have some terse description, such as encodes in the MP3 format or implements IEEE floating-point arithmetic. Each of these innocent looking statements expands to hundreds of pages of text, and thousands of lines of computer code. It is extremely difficult to verify that the RTL will do the right thing in all the possible cases that the user may throw at it. Many techniques are used, none of them perfect but all of them useful – extensive logic simulation, formal methods, hardware emulation, lint-like code checking, and so on. A tiny error here can make the whole chip useless, or worse. The famous Pentium FDIV bug caused the results of a division to be wrong by at most 61 parts per million, in cases that occurred very infrequently. No one even noticed it until the chip had been in production for months. Yet Intel was forced to offer to replace, for free, every chip sold until they could fix the bug, at a cost of $475 million (US). Physical design It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Physical design (electronics). (Discuss) Here are the main steps of physical design. In practice there is not a straightforward progression – considerable iteration is required to ensure all objectives are met simultaneously. This is a difficult problem in its own right, called design closure. Floorplanning: The RTL of the chip is assigned to gross regions of the chip, input/output (I/O) pins are assigned and large objects (arrays, cores, etc. ) are placed. Logic synthesis: The RTL is mapped into a gate-level netlist in the target technology of the chip. Placement: The gates in the netlist are assigned to nonoverlapping locations on the die area. Logic/placement refinement: Iterative logical and placement transformations to close performance and power constraints. Clock insertion: Clock signal wiring is (commonly, clock trees) introduced into the design. Routing: The wires that connect the gates in the netlist are added. Postwiring optimization: Performance (timing closure), noise (signal integrity), and yield (Design for manufacturability) violations are removed. Design for manufacturability: The design is modified, where possible, to make it as easy and efficient as possible to produce. This is achieved by adding extra vias or adding dummy metal/diffusion/poly layers wherever possible while complying to the design rules set by the foundry. Final checking: Since errors are expensive, time consuming and hard to spot, extensive error checking is the rule, making sure the mapping to logic was done correctly, and checking that the manufacturing rules were followed faithfully. Tapeout and mask generation: the design data is turned into photomasks in mask data preparation. Process cornersProcess corners provide digital designers the ability to simulate the circuit while accounting for variations in the technology process. Analog designBefore the advent of the microprocessor and software based design tools, analog ICs were designed using hand calculations. These ICs were basic circuits, op-amps are one example, usually involving no more than ten transistors and few connections. An iterative trial-and-error process and â€Å"overengineering† of device size was often necessary to achieve a manufacturable IC. Reuse of proven designs allowed progressively more complicated ICs to be built upon prior knowledge. When inexpensive computer processing became available in the 1970s, computer programs were written to simulate circuit designs with greater accuracy than practical by hand calculation. The first circuit simulator for analog ICs was called SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuits Emphasis). Computerized circuit simulation tools enable greater IC design complexity than hand calculations can achieve, making the design of analog ASICs practical. The computerized circuit simulators also enable mistakes to be found early in the design cycle before a physical device is fabricated. Additionally, a computerized circuit simulator can implement more sophisticated device models and circuit analysis too tedious for hand calculations, permitting Monte Carlo analysis and process sensitivity analysis to be practical. The effects of parameters such as temperature variation, doping concentration variation and statistical process variations can be simulated easily to determine if an IC design is manufacturable. Overall, computerized circuit simulation enables a higher degree of confidence that the circuit will work as expected upon manufacture. Coping with variabilityA challenge most critical to analog IC design involves the variability of the individual devices built on the semiconductor chip. Unlike board-level circuit design which permits the designer to select devices that have each been tested and binned according to value, the device values on an IC can vary widely which are uncontrollable by the designer. For example, some IC resistors can vary  ±20% and ? of an integrated BJT can vary from 20 to 100. To add to the design challenge, device properties often vary between each processed semiconductor wafer. Device properties can even vary significantly across each individual IC due to doping gradients. The underlying cause of this variability is that many semiconductor devices are highly sensitive to uncontrollable random variances in the process. Slight changes to the amount of diffusion time, uneven doping levels, etc. can have large effects on device properties. Some design techniques used to reduce the effects of the device variation are: Using the ratios of resistors, which do match closely, rather than absolute resistor value. Using devices with matched geometrical shapes so they have matched variations. Making devices large so that statistical variations becomes an insignificant fraction of the overall device property. Segmenting large devices, such as resistors, into parts and interweaving them to cancel variations. Using common centroid device layout to cancel variations in devices which must match closely (such as the transistor differential pair of an op amp). VendorsThe four largest companies[citation needed] selling electronic design automation tools are Synopsys, Cadence, Mentor Graphics, and Magma. How to cite Integrated Circuit Design, Papers

A Thousand Splendid Suns Story free essay sample

A Thousand Splendid Suns, written by Khaled Hosseini is a story of two young afghan women, Laila and Mariam, who face and overcome many tragedies and live in a country ruined by political oppression and war. Both Mariam and Laila have endured so much heartache partially because they are women, but yet have managed to have pull together the strength to persevere. To persevere is to maintain a purpose in spite of difficulty, obstacles, or discouragement and continue consistently *make this the introduction scentence). Even though Mariam and Laila are years apart by age, and come from two different life styles, they are both forced to marry Rasheed , an older man who they dont(do not) know, in order to make a living for themselves. Mariam and Laila eventually learn to cooperate as they undergo Rasheeds emotional and physical abuse, and the rules set out for women in Afghanistan. Hosseini demonstrates through the perseverance of Mariam and Laila, how the inner strength of Afghan women allows them to endure difficult situations including forced marriages, lack of educational opportunities and Taliban restrictions. Marriage is the union of two people who love each other and wish to be in a committed partnership with one another. Marriage should not be forced on anyone who does not wish to be in a marriage (does not wish it), however; the women in the book, Mariam and Laila are both married off at a very young age to the same man, who is twice their age. In Mariams case, she was a burden to her family and so they just took the first offer for her. Rasheed is here, in Heart (Herat); he has come all the way from Kabul. The nikka will be tomorrow morning, and then there is a bus leaving for Kabul at noon (Hosseini 49). Mariam was not even consulted in whether or not she wanted to marry Rasheed, let alone she had never seen or met him before (not important). The other woman in the book, Laila, had no choice but to marry Rasheed. Laila had no body left to take care for her, all her friends and family had died or moved because of war. She had to think of her baby and to avoid the shame of being an unwed mother. Laila agreed to marry Rasheed, who was eager to have a young and attractive second wife. I am too old. Too old for you to do this to me. For you after all these years, to make me an ambagh(Hosseini 215). This was heart breaking for Mariam, for her husband to marry another woman, after she had spent her youth trying to be a good wife to him. I wouldnt have fed you and washed you and nursed you if Id known you were going to turn around and steal my husband (Hosseini 226). Mariam feels Laila is stealing her husband; she is upset and jealous of the new bride. Rasheed went as far as selling of his first wedding ring for a new and more expensive ring for Laila. Mariam and Laila are equally in the same situation in regards to being in a marriage with a man they both dont love, however However through the difficult condition they face on a daily basis from their abusive husband Rasheed. they overcome obstacles each day as their inner strength begins to grow and realize they deserve a better life, . nd With the support of one another, both women learn to persevere Rasheeds mistreatment and find a way to get out in the end even if its means to sacrifice their own lives. Education provides the opportunity to learn new things and expand or build knowledge. Education is a right, everyone has the right and should have the right to attend school. (dont need it). The book shows two stories about education that most women in Afghanistan go through. It is shown that Mariam was born to a poor background and was raised up by a bitter mother named Nana. Nana didnt let Mariam do anything because she was worried that she would lose her. Whats the sense schooling a girl like you? Its like shining a spittoon. And youll learn nothing of value in those schools (Hosseini 18). Mariam wanted to learn but Nana refused to give her an education; therefore, when Nana died, Mariam had no choice but to marry Rasheed. Laila on the other hand had a fairly normal more stable background and an encouraging father. I know youre still young, but I want you to understand and learn this now. Marriage can wait, education cannot. Youre a very, very bright girl (Hosseini 114). Lailas father believed in her and allowed her to continue her education, which allowed Laila to gain the confidence to stand up to her future husband, Rasheed. Its a good time to be a woman in Afghanistan. And you can take advantage of that Laila (Hosseini 121). (remove quote). Women in general were evolving in Afghanistan and, with education theyd finally rise but sadly unfortunately the Taliban and the opinions of some men have ruined the opportunity for education for the women of Afghanistan to . After the eath of Lailas parents, she had no better choice but to get married, leaving behind her bright future. If it wasnt for war and the political oppression going on in Afghanistan Laila could have done so much more with continued her education. Nonetheless, Laila does not allow the lack of education opportunities bring her down,. Instead she has a goal of making she makes it a goal Afghanistan a better place for women to live in, as wel l as having the determination to not let anything or anyone bring her down and continue to be the strong woman she always has been. The Taliban take over was a huge step back for Afghanistan and its blossoming age for women. At first, it was believed the Taliban were saviors for the Afghan people, a lot of people assumed they would solve the problem, people like Rasheed, Let them come, I, for one, will shower them with rose petals (Hosseini 275). The people had no idea what the Taliban were doing;, they fully supported it, till untill they the Taliban started to impose laws. Most of these laws were strictly towards women. You will stay inside your homes at all times. It is not proper for women to wander aimlessly about the streets. If you go outside, you must be accompanied by a mahram, a male relative. If you are caught alone on the street, you will be beaten and sent home (Hosseini 278). The laws imposed by the Taliban basically treats women like dogs and like dogs, women were not allowed to leave their homes to go for a walk without a male escort.. Laila was beaten on several occasions by the Taliban every week when she would go see her daughter, Aziza, at the orphanage because Rasheed refused to take her. Mariam had heard the announcement, in January of that year that men and women would be seen in different hospitals, that all females would be discharged from Kabuls hospitals and sent to work in one central faculty (Hosseini 284). The Taliban went as far as forcing women to one central hospital with limited doctors and supplies, which made child birth for many women to be a terrifying situation. Laila suffered an awful child birth environmen t; she had to get a casesarian without any anesthetics (sounds better than drugs). The Taliban ways were laws were cruel to women which led to the death of many afghan women. Mariam was stoned to death by the Taliban for killing her husband Rasheed. Mariam and Laila being begin to realize they are stronger than they ever gave themselves credit for thought, and even though they both were aware of the consequences it was important for both women to finally be free, and fight for their freedom fight for their freedom. Mariam who always feared Rasheed has found the strength within her herself to finally set herself as well as Lailas life free. Mariam overcame her fear, and although she was aware of the fact that she was to die, she knew that she finally persevered. Misogyny is the hatred, dislike or distrust of women. Afghanistan is a very misogynistic country, mainly because of the mentality of most men being influenced by the Taliban who are a Muslim fundamentalists group. A Thousand Splendid Suns shows the struggles that women such as Mariam and Laila go through on a daily basis. The laws imposed by the Taliban basically treats women like dogs and like dogs, women were not allowed to leave their homes to go for a walk without a male escort (add this example in conclusion instead of the third paragraph). The women were treated like animals in Afghanistan, and through the pain and heartache,. Mariam and Lailas perseverance has allowed then to endure forced marriages, lack of educational opportunities and Taliban restrictions. Hosseini portrayal of Mariam and Laila throughout the novel was a representation of women in Afghanistan and women in general possess the inner strength to conquer difficult situations and consistently fight to have the same rights and opportunities men are given. To persevere is to maintain purpose in spite of difficulty, and in the end of the novel, for Laila she lives in reasonable peace, freed from the scourge of virtually permanent suffering. [s][/s]

The hard disk Essay Example

The hard disk Paper By law, employers in offices need to provide tilt-able screens, adjustable chairs, snit-glare screen filters, foot supports, good lighting uncramped workstations, frequent breaks and eye tests. This has to be done by law in offices but not in schools. However, there are general guidelines to follow. There should be no trailing wires, food and drink should not be placed near a machine, electrical sockets must not be overloaded, there must be adequate space around the machine, heating and ventilation must be suitable, lighting must be suitable with no glare or reflections, benches must be strong enough to support the computers. Many computer users have back problems, but to overcome this, a fully-adjustable chair should be used to avoid poor posture, footrests and tilting screens. Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is damage to fingers and wrists due to repetitive movements. To overcome, one can use wrist rests and breaks. Eye-strain can be reduced by using filters, using non-flickering screens and good lighting. Copyright Confidentiality All software and other pieces of work have copyright laws. It is not allowed to copy anyones work that is posted on the internet or received by hand. All work done should be done on your own and any help or data sources should be acknowledged. Types of Storage Uses Advantages Disadvantages Floppy Disk Used for private data. Also used for keeping extra copies of data or for transporting data. Â  Private data can be stored. Â  They are small and therefore data can be taken away and easily used on another PC. Â  Can be used to make extra back-up copies. Â  Not very strong and can get easily damaged or lost. Not all machines are able to read from the same disk. The amount of storage space is often too small for some data files. CD-ROM Used for data and program that does not need to change. We will write a custom essay sample on The hard disk specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The hard disk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The hard disk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Data cannot be written onto these types of disk. They have data stored digitally, instead of magnetically. Used for encyclopaedias, games, other software. Data cannot be erased from CD-ROMS. Â  CD-ROMs are small and portable. CD-ROMs have a much larger storage capacity than floppy disks. Â  They can get easily lost. Â  You cannot save to a CD-ROM. Â  A CD-ROM has a small storage capacity than a hard disk. Â  It is faster to access items from a hard disk than a CD-ROM. DVD Used to store films which are a lot better in picture and sound quality. Can be used on DVD players to connect to TVs or available as a computer package. They have a very large storage capacity. Sound and picture quality is excellent. Â  There is an increasing availability of products in DVD-format. There is still a lot of competition from VHS and CDs because the technology is relatively new. Hard Disks Used to store all types of software necessary for to carry out daily tasks. Documents and files are more likely to be saved on hard disk. Â  Support the way you computer works. Â  Large storage capacity. Â  Stored items are not lost when the computer is switched off. Â  Come as a fixed unit inside the PC cannot get lost easily. It is not very fast to access the files because the read-write heads have to move to the correct parts of the disk and then read the data. Â  If the hard disk crashes the computer will not work. Â  If the hard disk is fixed inside the computer then it cannot be removable. Magnetic Tape Data and programs can be transferred onto the tape. Â  In large-scale mainframe computers, tapes come in large spools. Takes a very long-time to backup data. Back-Up Copies Just in case something goes wrong and data is deleted or spoiled in some way, it is necessary and useful to have back-up copies the data. Most copies are done on floppy disks, but this is not a good choice because they do not store large amounts of data. Today we may use jaz drives or zip drives, but these do not store as much as magnetic tape. Making back-ups are very important. Backing storage is non-volatile and is always available when we require data and software. Backing storage is normally a hard disk. However, it is very important not to rely on just one type of backing storage, additional copies are useful to be kept elsewhere. There are many reasons why original copies may be deleted or spoilt.

APA Format Sample - The Best Way to Help Students Boost Their Writing Skills

APA Format Sample - The Best Way to Help Students Boost Their Writing SkillsThe APA Format Sample can be a valuable aid for the most ambitious of students. In fact, the APA Format Sample is a fantastic way to show students a full page of the research that is essential to make their mark on their desired career path. For those of you that are struggling to write essays, there is no need to fret; this essay sample will be more than enough to spark your imagination.The APA Format Sample is just one example of how students can use the APA format to write an excellent essay for use in college or in graduate school. There are many other uses for this excellent essay format sample. Students must use the APA Format Sample to show just how advanced students can become with the use of advanced writing skills.This essay is a good way to impress college admissions committees that may be interviewing you for admission. If your essay is accepted, then you will have a better chance of getting into the best university of your choice. When writing for college admissions, you may be asked to include a few more details than you would typically include in a standard essay.Once you decide to use the APA Format Sample as a sample for your own writing, then you will need to make sure that you are using the correct grammar and punctuation for writing in the APA format. While you should always use the highest standards of grammar and punctuation in your essays, this APA Format Sample is designed to show students how advanced students can write in the APA format. So, keep in mind that the style used in the APA Format Sample is the APA style used by many writers for this wonderful format.In today's world, many people are going back to school to further their education. Those that remain in school will benefit greatly from these advanced studies, but it may take more than a degree to get into the best schools. As an advanced college student, you may want to make the most of your education by using the APA Format Sample to help you earn your college degree.The APA Format Sample is a wonderful way to help any student prepare for the writing of their senior thesis. Those who are working toward earning their master's degree should look to this APA Format Sample as a way to polish their writing skills. By using this essay, you will be able to show students how advanced they can become in their writing skills.And, because the APA Format Sample is specifically designed for students to use, you can also use it as a resource for students to use when preparing for AP tests. Using this great essay in your AP test application will let you know how advanced students can prepare for AP tests. Just make sure that you are using the proper formatting that is acceptable in college.

A Quick Guide to Getting a Pay Raise

A Quick Guide to Getting a Pay Raise Are you thinking about asking for a raise? Before you do, make sure you have positioned yourself as strongly as possible for a yes. Consider when raises are generally granted at your company. Is it at the end of the year? On the anniversary of your start date? Take a look at the following infographic to determine whether you are ready, or you need to wait a bit for a higher salary. Don’t Do ThisAfter you have decided that you will ask for more money, be careful how you position yourself. Check out the following video from Fast Company to see how you really sound when you ask for a raise.Do ThisSo what’s the right way to ask for a raise? You have to prove your worth to the company. Enter the meeting with a well-thought-out justification for a salary increase. It should be based solely on performance, whether it is exceeding established goals, or bring in new business. Check out the following video to learn how to best ask for a raise.This article is part of Bulk Up Your Career in 2017Â  campaign. Access the entire guide here to help you succeed in 2017.

Single-Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples

Singles The four main types of chemical reactions are synthesis reactions, decomposition reactions, single-displacement reactions, and double-displacement reactions. Single-Displacement Reaction  Definition A single-displacement reaction is a chemical reaction where one reactant is exchanged for one ion of a second reactant. It is also known as a single-replacement reaction. Single displacement reactions take the form: A BC → B AC Singles The reaction between zinc metal and hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen gas is an example of a single-displacement reaction: Zn(s) 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) H2(g) Another example is the displacement of iron from an iron(II) oxide solution using coke as a carbon source: 2 Fe2O3  (s) 3 C (s)  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  Fe(s)   CO2  (g) Recognizing a Single-Displacement Reaction When you look at the chemical equation for a reaction, a single-displacement reaction is characterized by one cation or anion trading places with another to form a new product. Its easy to spot when one of the reactants is an element and the other is a compound. Usually, when two compounds react, both cations or both anions will change partners, producing a double-displacement reaction. You can predict whether a single-displacement reaction will occur by comparing the reactivity of an element using an activity series table. In general, a metal can displace any metal lower in the activity series (cations). The same rule applies to halogens (anions).

Single, Married, Separated and Life after Divorce Essay

Single, Married, Separated and Life after Divorce - Essay Example many convincing bible verse evidences, the author proposes that the spouses must strive to keep their marriage alive, resolving individual or family risk and enhancing resilience. The intended audience of Munroe Myles’s book is anyone who can read a book. The audience includes married and single readers. The audience includes the separated or divorced readers. The audience target includes people who are currently in love or breaking out of love. Singleness. â€Å"One lady approached the author stating â€Å"I can’t take it anymore. I am tired of being single. I need a mate now. I am growing older, and life is passing me by (Munroe 11).† The author describes that there are many advantage to being single. First, one will have a unique person. There is no nagging spouse or noisy children. The cultural, social, and economic tenets of society dictates that it is best for a person to get married, a world order (2 Cor 4:4) Further, the author reiterates that the bible does not equate being single as bad or equate being single as being alone. Being single is not the same as being alone. The author insists that one should not marry until one is totally singe. To marry, one must first be separate, unique, and a whole person (Munroe 12). Often marriages crumble into separation or divorce because the marriage partners are not unique or single. The goal of the Christian life is to be separate, unique, and whole person, a vessel that holds a priceless treasure, Jesus Christ (2 Cor 4:7) (Munroe 14). Married. The author insists that the traditional concept of marriage is that it is the basic building block or foundation of society. The reiterates that â€Å"marriage works perfectly only if the right ingredients are mixed together (Munroe 68).† The lack of the minimum required ingredient declines to the state of separation or divorce. Further, the author insists that one should marry only to comply with God’s will (Munroe 140).When the marriage breaks up; society also

Innovation and Enterprise Buisness plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovation and Enterprise Buisness plan - Essay Example ......................4 3.2 Opportunity specification indicating costs and payback.......................5 3.3 Staffing of the proposal.........................................................................7 3.4 Application of the proposal to future planning......................................8 4. Conclusion...................................................................................................9 References...............................................................................................................10 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Competition is a characteristic of every market and thus, businesses have to come up with ways that they can use to deal with the competition in their market. In the sector of petroleum engineering, the competition is high since the number of businesses dealing in exploration and sale of oil and gas products is very high. The report aims at giving one strategy that can be used by a business to increase its customer base. The strategy d iscussed in the report is introduction of new products in the market through exploration. Chevron is petroleum engineering Coorporation based in California, which mainly deals with exploration and sale of crude oil, natural gas, and other petroleum products. The report gives the details that the company will follow in its proposal of exploring a new petroleum reservoir in UK. Therefore, the report will analyse such issues as the staffs required, the financial analysis, and the use of the proposal in future planning of the company. 2. INTRODUCTION Chevron Company was started in the year 1879 as Pacific Coast Oil Copmany. It is in the year 1984 that its name was changed to Chevron, after a merger with a company referred to as Gulf Oil Corporation. The company explores, produces and transports crude oil and natural gas. In addition, the company also manufactures and transports petroleum products. Over the years, it has also managed to generate power and produce renewable energy sources such as geothermal energy. Chevron Corporation is recognized as one of the leading energy companies in the world due to its high capacity fuel production. For instance, the company produces over 2.5 million barrels of oil per day. Despite this high production, the company still desires to explore more oil in order to meet the increasing energy demands of the world. Therefore, the company is planning a project that will aid in aid in exploration of a certain identified oil reservoir. The major objective of the exploration is to assist the company to increase its production capacity. The products manufactured thereafter will also widen the market of the company since; customers will have a variety of petroleum products from which to choose. In addition, the company will be able to meet customers demand for energy. 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.0 Goals and Objectives The key goals and objectives of the project are to ensure increased and diversified variety of energy sources in the company (Kahn,  2006, 5). In addition, the project also aims at increasing the number of customers served by the company. On the other hand, other factors such as competition and increased demand for petroleum products have also caused the company to consider exploring the new oil reservoir. This is because; the company will be more competitive in the market if it serves more variety of products than its competitors do. The company also has a goal of meeting the customers’ needs that have not yet been met. For instance, some customers

Various Genetic Disorders Essay -- Papers

Various Genetic Disorders Alterations in human chromosomes or the deletion of an important gene product are often due to a mutation, which can spring an abundant strand of genetic mutations and improper coding. Mutations can spring from deletion, duplication or inversion of a chromosome. This improper deletion is the factor that leads to complications and ultimately genetic disorders. Turner Syndrome and Cat-cry Syndrome are both alterations of chromosome structure due to deletion. In Turner Syndrome, there is a missing X chromosome and in the Cat-cry Syndrome chromosome-18 has been lost or deleted. Other genetic disorders that give rise to discussion are point mutations which include Sickle cell anemia, Maternal PKU and the genetic disorder of The D1 Trisomy syndrome. Turner Syndrome was described first by Turner in 1938 (Jack H. Hung 1989 p.45) and it was established that this disorder was due to the deletion of an X chromosome in 1959 by Ford, Jones, Polani, de Ameida and Briggs. The most predominant traits of those who have this disorder consist of being short, having neck webbing with a low hairline and having a widely spaced chest. Turner Syndrome disease is not a fatal disease as long as there is management of possible heart problems and ovarian dysfunction. Early support and counseling are the key in dealing with psychological problems that may arise such as infertility and potential hearing loss. Cat-cry Syndrome is another deletion disorder in which inhibitor survives quite well. Lejeune recognized this disorder in 1964 and he gave it the official nam... ...d off the face of the planet, but can be somewhat predicted with the help of family trees and common knowledge of ancestors. Bibliography Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D. 1988. Smiths Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation pp.520-521 W. B. Saunders Company. G.H. Valentine, M B. 1969. The Chromosome Disorders pp. 113-115 pp. 103-106 Printed in Great Britain by The Whitefriars Press Ltd. London and Tonbridge. Jack H. Jung, M.D. 1989. Genetic syndromes in Communication Disorders pp. 45 PRO-ED Printed in the United States of America. Neil A Campbell, Lawrence G. Mitchell, Jane B. Reece. 1997. Biology concepts and connections. In The Human Genome pp. 238-239 The Benjamin/cummings Publishing Company. Arthur Metcalf. Sickle Cell Diesase. Accessed 4/20/99 through Dogpile. http://www.wcu.edu/library/online/index.htm)

Parapsychology: The Non-Existence of Ghosts

Ghosts are a paranormal phenomenon that has been given a lot of credibility to which it may not be entitled. People are willing to believe the existence of ghosts based mostly on the readings of electronic equipment, the explanations of the equipment operators regarding those readings and the account of eyewitnesses. The real explanations may be much more scientific and much less fanciful. There are a few â€Å"signs† that a ghost is present, according to the believers. These are:†¢ Unusual cold spots†¢ Unusual drafty or windy areas†¢ Unusual smells†¢ Strange sounds (voices, footsteps, moaning, crying, banging, etc)†¢ Anywhere you feel a strange â€Å"being watched† sensation (Santore)These sound like flimsy evidence to convince someone that a ghost is present and yet the majority of believers will attribute any or all of these â€Å"signs† as proof that ghosts exist. Science takes a much different view of these â€Å"signs† and ca n offer more reasonable explanations for these occurrences. Most of the ghost sightings and paranormal experiences concerning ghosts can be scientifically analyzed and explained. There is no correlation between the lifestyles, IQs, or financial status of believers and non believers of ghosts.Religion may play a part in the willingness or not to accept ghosts as real. As with almost anything, if someone looks for it, it will usually be found. That is the way most ghosts are discovered, through the belief that they are present and can be witnessed if one perseveres. This is proven by most of the â€Å"Ghost Walks† and tours of haunted establishments around the world. People who attend these walks and visit these establishments do so with the preconceived idea that they will see a ghost or some phenomenon that represents a ghostly presence.This state of mind sets them up to see what they wish to see and few will try to explain away the ghost sighting with science and investigati on. Among the most common phenomena found at ghost research sites are apparently floating, circular or diamond-shaped objects called â€Å"orbs,† which have been captured in many photographs. Video cameras have shown their images floating across the screen, while digital and 35- millimeter cameras have photographed orbs larger than basketballs or as small as a postcard. (Krivyanski 140) These orbs are one of the more frequently produced â€Å"evidence† of the existence of a ghost.Most people using a digital camera have seen these floating spheres in many of their pictures. Believers claim these orbs are the photographic evidence of a spirit presence. Joe Nickell, Senior Research Fellow for CSICOP, says, â€Å"We do know that dust, fingers, camera straps, mist, and lint can reflect the camera's flash and produce ghostly effects. Dust particles are a major source of orbs. We do not know that ghosts are the explanation of any orbs. † In fact, Nickell has intentiona lly produced orbs in experiments. (Peterson) Another photo anomaly is the ectoplasm.This is similar to the orb but is more of a stream of smoke than a sphere shape. Ghost hunters have seized on ectoplasm as a pseudo explanation for various strand and mist effects in photos. Such effects can be caused by the flash rebounding from the camera’s wrist strap, jewelry, hair, insects, a wandering fingertip, etc. , etc. (Nickell 1996). Photographs of ghosts continue to fascinate those who are looking for proof of a ghost’s existence. Over the years there have been thousands of ghost photographs but none have been proven without a doubt to be of a spiritual presence.Photography recreated reality so exactly that it became the medium of choice for the rendition of the ultimate non-reality: the â€Å"spirit†. â€Å"Spirit photos† became spectacularly popular by the 1880s and remain colorful reminders of quaint Victorian sensibility. They were ultimately embarrassing; both for the purchasers and the providers, once word got out that the â€Å"spirits† they showed were merely the by-products of deliberate double exposure. (Packer 30) Photographer William L. Mumler caused a sensation in the late 1800 when he produced photographs of ghosts for exhibition.When his â€Å"ghosts† were found alive and working in Boston, he admitted to fraud and explained that he had found a crude method of double exposure while working in his photographs and used it to create the photos. (Nickell 146-159) With the advances in photography and digital enhancements, it has become easier to manipulate photographs and mislead people looking for proof of ghosts. Most times, a good researcher can discover the methods used to fake the â€Å"spirits† in the photos and prove the image to be a fake.While admittedly, there are some photos that cannot be explained by modern research methods, this does not indicate proof of a ghost’s existence. It simply means that the method used to create the image has not been positively identified. There have been many proven frauds in the cases of ghost evidence and sightings. Some fakes are misunderstandings of the situation or cause, as in the following case: Vic Tandy of Coventry University in Scotland. His experience suggests that it may be possible to attribute many of the classic signs of ghosts to very low frequency sound waves trapped inside buildings.Although these sound waves cannot be heard, tests have revealed that they can induce the perception of wraithlike â€Å"ghosts† and even a feeling of cold and terror. Tandy was working alone one night in a laboratory. He began sweating despite feeling cold and then noticed a figure in the room. He was terrified. The following morning a fencing enthusiast who had left a foil clamped in a vise returned to the lab and noticed the blade's free end frantically moving up and down. Tandy, who is a trained engineer, realized that it might b e getting energy from low-frequency, inaudible sound waves filling the laboratory.Indeed, tests revealed a standing wave trapped in the lab and reaching a peak intensity next to his desk. Further site inspection led to the source of the standing wave: a new extraction fan. When the fan's mountings were altered, the suspected ghost left. (Krivyanski 140) One case in particular proves the power of imagination and suggestion in regards to those who are searching for proof that ghosts do exist. Arthur Machen, a journalist and author of paranormal fiction wrote a fictional account of the British Army's retreat from the occupying German forces from Mons, France in 1914.Machen reported in a â€Å"fanciful† tale that phantom archers and soldiers from a medieval battle between the English and French from many centuries before. The ghosts, according to Machen, supplied a â€Å"rear guard† that allowed the English withdrawal and even caused some casualties within the Germans. Pro blem was the fiction quickly became â€Å"fact† as reports came in from the soldiers on the field about the â€Å"angels† assisting their efforts. Even when Machen decried the whole story as a work of fiction, people kept sending him reports of the Angels.Even after the war, a German officer claimed a horse â€Å"rear up† and tossed him off after being startled by the ghostly soldiers. (Didier, 2007) There is a saying that goes â€Å"People see and hear exactly what they wish to see and hear. † Nowhere is this more evident than the field of paranormal research. Millions of people have been taken in by false mediums, crooked illusionists and urban legends. These stories or sightings have a snowball effect on the public, one person sees or hears something that they swear is a ghost or spirit and others pick it up and continue the story.These people are unaware that they are the victims of wishful thinking or propaganda. Personal validation is, for all pract ical purposes, the major reason for the persistence of divinatory and assessment procedures. If the person is not persuaded, then the story will not survive. The widespread acceptance of myths about Bigfoot, the Bermuda Triangle, ancient astronauts, ghosts, the validity of meditation and consciousness-raising schemes, and a host of other beliefs is based on persuasion through personal validation rather than scientific conviction. (Frazier 81)Ghost stories or stories of encounters with ghosts have been produced as evidence of existence for many years. Many of these stories or encounters are actually quite old and have been retold in various versions many times. Urban legends are made from many of these stories, such as the ghost bridge, the college suicide and the missing party girl. Almost every state has a version of these stories but no one has produced concrete evidence that these tragedies ever actually occurred as told. While there are tragedies in all areas, none have been pro ven to produce the ghosts said to haunt the halls, bridges and roads of these stories.Gillian Bennett states â€Å"There are several problems with using these stories as a basis for overall conclusions about ghosts. First, most of these stories are highly traditionalized; excellent material for discussing ghost traditions, but for that reason less reliable as evidence of the nature of ghost experience. Evans says at the outset that what he proposes to do â€Å"is to see what we can learn about ghosts by looking at people's experiences of ghosts. † This is fine so long as one can be certain that the experience they had was exactly the same as the one they reported.I doubt the match is usually this exact. Telling stories is a social activity and there are all sorts of reasons for doing it and for doing it in one way rather than another. A story about a strange experience will only be told if it fits expectations; if it does not but the narrator insists on telling it anyway, th e hearers will ask questions and suggest details and generally try to get it into better shape as a ghost story. This might be the form in which it eventually gets into print. † (Bennett) There are many theories regarding what we see as ghosts and what they actually may be.Some researchers have done studies on whether the intellect of the person has an effect on their belief or disbelief of ghosts. This type of study has too many variables to be conclusive and many of the people had preconceived opinions before the study began. There is evidence that gender may be a factor in whether one believes in ghosts or not. Many researchers have found the endorsement of paranormal beliefs to be stronger among females than males for both global belief and for most of the specific dimensions of paranormal belief (Irwin, 1993). (Smith, Foster, and Stovin) One of the more interesting theories involves geomagnetic fields.Michael Persinger, Ph. D. , a professor of psychology at Laurentian Uni versity in Ontario, Canada, has demonstrated that a sensitive temporal lobe–the area that is responsible for regulation of emotions and motivated behaviors–together with naturally occurring magnetic fields, can trigger a ghostly encounter. â€Å"Individuals prone to paranormal experiences are sensitive to weak electromagnetic fields and to man-made electrical fields, which are becoming more prominent in the communication age,† explains Persinger, who has studied the link between magnetic fields and paranormal experience for 15 years.(Lockman 27) For every ghost hunter out there, there is a researcher with a plausible explanation for the phenomenon. If more people stop to view the evidence that science has to offer, they would be in a position to make an educated decision. While this may not prove concretely that ghosts do not exist, it offers a more reasonable explanation for those incidents that become urban legend or ghost stories. While it is sad to think of the trauma of a college suicide, it is improbable to think that the spirit of that person has nothing better to do than hang around the college dorm where they met their demise.Paranormal research is a very wide field and new areas are opening up every day. Like wise, the opportunity to research and investigate is an open area. With more advances in science, we are closer than ever to proving that ghosts do not exist. The evidence presented here is a small fraction of the hoaxes, frauds and misconceptions regarding the existence of ghosts. To be fair, the majority of ghost hunters investigating an occurrence will try to determine if there is a reasonable or mundane explanation for the sights or sounds.Many times they will find that the â€Å"ghost† is nothing more than loose floorboards or an overactive imagination. The cases that do not produce a common cause do not prove the existence of a ghost; they merely prove that more research is needed. Ghosts do not exist and scienc e backs this up with more evidence every day. The mediums and hauntings are having to become more elaborate in order to maintain their illusions. In time, science will prove, with a doubt, that ghosts do not co-inhabit our houses, schools and roadsides.